ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate
2026 | Questions & Answers | Latest Update | Exam Prep
1. If a patient has a weakened immune system, how might this affect the function
of Cytotoxic T-cells in combating cancer?
The effectiveness of Cytotoxic T-cells would be reduced.
Cytotoxic T-cells would multiply uncontrollably.
Cytotoxic T-cells would become more aggressive.
Cytotoxic T-cells would switch to targeting healthy cells.
2. Describe what occurs at the M checkpoint:
The M checkpoint checks for proper attachment of sister chromatids
to the spindles.
The M checkpoint checks whether the cell is ready to enter the S
phase.
The M checkpoint checks for proper growth of the cell before the
DNA is replicated.
The M checkpoint checks whether the DNA has been replicated
correctly.
3. Describe the role of neoadjuvant treatment in the overall cancer treatment
strategy.
Neoadjuvant treatment is used to reduce the size of a tumor before
the main treatment, improving the chances of successful surgery or
other therapies.
Neoadjuvant treatment is used to monitor the progression of cancer
without active intervention.
, Neoadjuvant treatment is solely focused on enhancing the immune
system's response to cancer.
Neoadjuvant treatment is the final step in cancer therapy to ensure all
cancer cells are eradicated.
4. What are the two primary phases of the cell cycle?
G1 and G2 phases
Prophase and metaphase
Cytokinesis and telophase
Interphase and the mitotic phase
5. Describe the role of the p53 gene in the context of cellular damage and
cancer prevention.
The p53 gene enhances the immune response against cancer cells.
The p53 gene repairs DNA damage to ensure cell survival.
The p53 gene promotes cell division in healthy cells to prevent
cancer.
The p53 gene activates apoptosis in cells that are damaged beyond
repair, preventing the propagation of potentially cancerous cells.
6. A patient has completed surgery for breast cancer and is considering
additional treatments. How might adjuvant therapy be beneficial in this
scenario?
It is only necessary if the cancer has spread.
It will replace the need for surgery.
It will completely cure the cancer.
It can help prevent the cancer from coming back.
,7. How do chemotherapy drugs work to kill or inhibit tumor cells?
interfere with protein synthesis
variety of mechanisms can damage DNA or interfere with the cell
cycle
increase apoptosis
create holes in the cell surfaces
8. Describe the relationship between CDKs and the progression of the cell
cycle.
CDKs are responsible for DNA replication in the cell cycle.
CDKs only function during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle.
CDKs, when activated by cyclins, phosphorylate proteins that
promote the progression of the cell cycle.
CDKs function independently of cyclins to regulate the cell cycle.
9. Hypersensitivity reactions:
Represent immunological responses to an antigen that lead to tissue
damage rather than immunity
Occur when a person has been sensitized to an antigen
Can be divided into four classes
Include reactions based both on humoral immunity and cell-mediated
immunity
All of the above
10. What do checkpoints in the cell cycle primarily monitor?
RNA transcription
, Cell membrane integrity
Protein synthesis
DNA integrity
11. How does a cell regulate the progression of the cell cycle?
Through checkpoints
Through the destruction of cyclins
Through the expression and synthesis of CDKs
Through the expression and synthesis of cyclin proteins
All of these choices are correct.
12. If a patient develops granulomas due to a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction,
what underlying immune mechanism is likely at play?
Humoral immune response
Immediate hypersensitivity response
Delayed-type hypersensitivity response
Autoimmune response
13. What type of immunity is primarily provided by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes?
Passive immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
Humoral immunity
Innate immunity
14. How does an oncogene cause cancer?
2026 | Questions & Answers | Latest Update | Exam Prep
1. If a patient has a weakened immune system, how might this affect the function
of Cytotoxic T-cells in combating cancer?
The effectiveness of Cytotoxic T-cells would be reduced.
Cytotoxic T-cells would multiply uncontrollably.
Cytotoxic T-cells would become more aggressive.
Cytotoxic T-cells would switch to targeting healthy cells.
2. Describe what occurs at the M checkpoint:
The M checkpoint checks for proper attachment of sister chromatids
to the spindles.
The M checkpoint checks whether the cell is ready to enter the S
phase.
The M checkpoint checks for proper growth of the cell before the
DNA is replicated.
The M checkpoint checks whether the DNA has been replicated
correctly.
3. Describe the role of neoadjuvant treatment in the overall cancer treatment
strategy.
Neoadjuvant treatment is used to reduce the size of a tumor before
the main treatment, improving the chances of successful surgery or
other therapies.
Neoadjuvant treatment is used to monitor the progression of cancer
without active intervention.
, Neoadjuvant treatment is solely focused on enhancing the immune
system's response to cancer.
Neoadjuvant treatment is the final step in cancer therapy to ensure all
cancer cells are eradicated.
4. What are the two primary phases of the cell cycle?
G1 and G2 phases
Prophase and metaphase
Cytokinesis and telophase
Interphase and the mitotic phase
5. Describe the role of the p53 gene in the context of cellular damage and
cancer prevention.
The p53 gene enhances the immune response against cancer cells.
The p53 gene repairs DNA damage to ensure cell survival.
The p53 gene promotes cell division in healthy cells to prevent
cancer.
The p53 gene activates apoptosis in cells that are damaged beyond
repair, preventing the propagation of potentially cancerous cells.
6. A patient has completed surgery for breast cancer and is considering
additional treatments. How might adjuvant therapy be beneficial in this
scenario?
It is only necessary if the cancer has spread.
It will replace the need for surgery.
It will completely cure the cancer.
It can help prevent the cancer from coming back.
,7. How do chemotherapy drugs work to kill or inhibit tumor cells?
interfere with protein synthesis
variety of mechanisms can damage DNA or interfere with the cell
cycle
increase apoptosis
create holes in the cell surfaces
8. Describe the relationship between CDKs and the progression of the cell
cycle.
CDKs are responsible for DNA replication in the cell cycle.
CDKs only function during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle.
CDKs, when activated by cyclins, phosphorylate proteins that
promote the progression of the cell cycle.
CDKs function independently of cyclins to regulate the cell cycle.
9. Hypersensitivity reactions:
Represent immunological responses to an antigen that lead to tissue
damage rather than immunity
Occur when a person has been sensitized to an antigen
Can be divided into four classes
Include reactions based both on humoral immunity and cell-mediated
immunity
All of the above
10. What do checkpoints in the cell cycle primarily monitor?
RNA transcription
, Cell membrane integrity
Protein synthesis
DNA integrity
11. How does a cell regulate the progression of the cell cycle?
Through checkpoints
Through the destruction of cyclins
Through the expression and synthesis of CDKs
Through the expression and synthesis of cyclin proteins
All of these choices are correct.
12. If a patient develops granulomas due to a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction,
what underlying immune mechanism is likely at play?
Humoral immune response
Immediate hypersensitivity response
Delayed-type hypersensitivity response
Autoimmune response
13. What type of immunity is primarily provided by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes?
Passive immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
Humoral immunity
Innate immunity
14. How does an oncogene cause cancer?
