Test Bank For Gray's Anatomy, 43rd Edition
The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice
Authors: Edited by Susan Standring, PhD, DSc and Shane R.
Tubbs
,Gray’s Anatomy 43rd Edition
Chapter 1: Basic Structure and Function of Cells
MCQs (1–30)
THEORY-BASED (1–15)
Q1.
Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in human cells?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Mitochondrion
C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
D. Lysosome
Answer: B
Explanation:
• Correct (B): Mitochondrion → site of oxidative phosphorylation; abundant in high-
energy tissues (cardiac muscle).
• A wrong: Golgi modifies proteins, no ATP production.
• C wrong: RER synthesizes proteins, not energy.
• D wrong: Lysosomes digest cellular waste.
Clinical correlation: Mitochondrial myopathies → muscle weakness due to impaired ATP.
Developmental note: Mitochondria are maternally inherited.
Q2.
Which tissue type has the highest regenerative capacity?
A. Cardiac muscle
B. Nervous tissue
,C. Epithelial tissue
D. Skeletal muscle
Answer: C
Explanation:
• Correct: Epithelial tissue regenerates rapidly (skin, gut lining).
• A wrong: Cardiac muscle has minimal regeneration.
• B wrong: Neurons are mostly permanent cells.
• D wrong: Skeletal muscle regenerates via satellite cells but limited.
Clinical correlation: Skin healing after abrasion.
Q3.
The primary function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes is:
A. Protein synthesis
B. Lipid metabolism and detoxification
C. ATP production
D. DNA replication
Answer: B
Explanation:
• Correct: SER detoxifies drugs (cytochrome P450).
• A wrong: RER synthesizes proteins.
• C wrong: mitochondria do ATP production.
• D wrong: nucleus handles DNA replication.
Clinical: Drug overdose → increased SER activity in liver.
Q4.
Which junction type prevents paracellular movement between epithelial cells?
, A. Gap junction
B. Desmosome
C. Tight junction
D. Hemidesmosome
Answer: C
Explanation:
• Correct: Tight junctions seal intercellular space (intestinal epithelium).
• A wrong: gap junctions allow communication.
• B wrong: desmosomes provide adhesion.
• D wrong: hemidesmosomes attach to basement membrane.
Clinical: Cholera toxin disrupts intestinal ion movement despite tight junctions.
Q5.
Which structure is derived from ectoderm?
A. Liver
B. Muscle
C. Epidermis
D. Kidneys
Answer: C
Explanation:
• Correct: Epidermis originates from ectoderm.
• A wrong: liver = endoderm.
• B wrong: muscle = mesoderm.
• D wrong: kidneys = intermediate mesoderm.
Q6.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is most abundant in:
The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice
Authors: Edited by Susan Standring, PhD, DSc and Shane R.
Tubbs
,Gray’s Anatomy 43rd Edition
Chapter 1: Basic Structure and Function of Cells
MCQs (1–30)
THEORY-BASED (1–15)
Q1.
Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in human cells?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Mitochondrion
C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
D. Lysosome
Answer: B
Explanation:
• Correct (B): Mitochondrion → site of oxidative phosphorylation; abundant in high-
energy tissues (cardiac muscle).
• A wrong: Golgi modifies proteins, no ATP production.
• C wrong: RER synthesizes proteins, not energy.
• D wrong: Lysosomes digest cellular waste.
Clinical correlation: Mitochondrial myopathies → muscle weakness due to impaired ATP.
Developmental note: Mitochondria are maternally inherited.
Q2.
Which tissue type has the highest regenerative capacity?
A. Cardiac muscle
B. Nervous tissue
,C. Epithelial tissue
D. Skeletal muscle
Answer: C
Explanation:
• Correct: Epithelial tissue regenerates rapidly (skin, gut lining).
• A wrong: Cardiac muscle has minimal regeneration.
• B wrong: Neurons are mostly permanent cells.
• D wrong: Skeletal muscle regenerates via satellite cells but limited.
Clinical correlation: Skin healing after abrasion.
Q3.
The primary function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes is:
A. Protein synthesis
B. Lipid metabolism and detoxification
C. ATP production
D. DNA replication
Answer: B
Explanation:
• Correct: SER detoxifies drugs (cytochrome P450).
• A wrong: RER synthesizes proteins.
• C wrong: mitochondria do ATP production.
• D wrong: nucleus handles DNA replication.
Clinical: Drug overdose → increased SER activity in liver.
Q4.
Which junction type prevents paracellular movement between epithelial cells?
, A. Gap junction
B. Desmosome
C. Tight junction
D. Hemidesmosome
Answer: C
Explanation:
• Correct: Tight junctions seal intercellular space (intestinal epithelium).
• A wrong: gap junctions allow communication.
• B wrong: desmosomes provide adhesion.
• D wrong: hemidesmosomes attach to basement membrane.
Clinical: Cholera toxin disrupts intestinal ion movement despite tight junctions.
Q5.
Which structure is derived from ectoderm?
A. Liver
B. Muscle
C. Epidermis
D. Kidneys
Answer: C
Explanation:
• Correct: Epidermis originates from ectoderm.
• A wrong: liver = endoderm.
• B wrong: muscle = mesoderm.
• D wrong: kidneys = intermediate mesoderm.
Q6.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is most abundant in:
