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Upon assessing a newborn immediately after delivery, you note that the infant is breathing
spontaneously and has a heart rate of 80 beats/min. What is the MOST appropriate initial management
for this newborn?
• A:Start chest compressions and contact medical control.
• B:Assess the newborn's skin condition and color.
• C:Provide blow-by oxygen with oxygen tubing.
• D:Initiate positive-pressure ventilations. - Correct Answer-The correct answer is D;
Reason:Positive-pressure ventilations are indicated in the newborn if he or she is apneic or has gasping
respirations, if the heart rate is less than 100 beats/min, or if central cyanosis persists despite the
delivery of blow-by oxygen. Chest compressions are indicated if the heart rate is less than 60 beats/min,
despite 30 seconds of adequate positive-pressure ventilation. In many cases, the newborn's heart rate
will increase to greater than 100 beats/min with adequately performed positive-pressure ventilation.
The appropriate technique for performing two-rescuer CPR on a 4-year-old child includes:
• A:15 compressions to 2 ventilations, compressing the sternum with the heel of your hand, and
ventilating until visible chest rise occurs.
• B:30 compressions to 2 ventilations, compressing the chest one third the depth of the chest, and
delivering each breath over 1 second.
• C:15 compressions to 2 ventilations, compressing the sternum with your thumbs, and delivering at
least 100 compressions per minute.
• D:30 compressions to 2 ventilations, compressing the sternum with the heel of both hands, and
delivering each breath over 1 to 2 seconds - Correct Answer-The correct answer is A;
Reason:When performing two-rescuer CPR on an infant (less than 1 year of age) or a child (1 year of age
to the onset of puberty [12 to 14 years of age]), use a compression to ventilation ratio of 15:2. Compress
the chest one-third the depth of the chest (about 1 1/2" for infants; about 2" for children), at a rate of at
least 100/min, and allow the chest to fully recoil in between compressions. Deliver each breath over 1
1|Page
,second, just enough to produce visible chest rise, and allow complete exhalation. For a child, use the
heel of one or both hands to compress the chest, depending on the size of the child. For two-rescuer
infant CPR, use the tips of your thumbs to compress the chest (two-thumb, encircling hands technique);
the two-finger technique may be used for one-rescuer infant CPR. A 30:2 compression to ventilation
ratio is used for all adult and one-rescuer CPR.
Appropriate treatment for an 18-year-old woman with severe vaginal bleeding may include all of the
following, EXCEPT:
• A:covering the vagina with a trauma dressing.
• B:high concentrations of oxygen.
• C:placing sterile dressings into the vagina.
• D:keeping her warm with blankets. - Correct Answer-You selected C; This is correct!
Reason: The source of bleeding from the vagina cannot be directly controlled in the field. You should
never pack or place any dressings directly into the vagina as this increases the risk of infection;
furthermore, these dressings will only have to be removed at the hospital. Instead, you should place a
trauma dressing or similar material over the vagina. If the patient has signs of shock, administer high-
flow oxygen, keep her warm, and transport without delay.
A 34-year-old woman, who is 36 weeks pregnant, is having a seizure. After you protect her airway and
ensure adequate ventilation, you should transport her:
• A:in a semisitting position.
• B:in the prone position
• C:on her left side.
• D:in the supine position. - Correct Answer-You selected C; This is correct!
Reason:Initial care for any patient who is seizing—pregnant or otherwise—involves ensuring a patent
airway, adequate ventilation, and administering high-flow oxygen. If the patient is breathing
inadequately, ventilation assistance is indicated. Suction any secretions from the patient's mouth. The
pregnant patient should be placed on her left side (lateral recumbent position); this will prevent supine
hypotensive syndrome—a condition in which the pregnant uterus compresses the inferior vena cava and
reduces cardiac output. A lateral recumbent position will also facilitate the draininge of oral secretions,
thus minimizing the risk of aspiration.
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,Which of the following statements regarding the length-based resuscitation tape measure is correct?
• A:The red end of the tape measure is placed at the heel of the child's foot.
• B:The resuscitation tape estimates a child's age based on his or her height.
• C:It is not a reliable tool in children who are less than 5 years of age.
• D:The tape measure can be used in children who weigh up to 75 pounds. - Correct Answer-The correct
answer is D;
Reason:There are a number of ways to identify the appropriate size equipment for a pediatric patient;
however, the length-based resuscitation tape measure is perhaps the most accurate. Pediatricians
generally agree that length (height), not age, is the most reliable estimator of weight. The resuscitation
tape estimates a child's weight based on his or her height; it is a reliable tool to use in children who
weigh up to 75 lb (34 kg). To use the resuscitation tape, lay it next to the child with the multicolored side
up. Place the red end of the tape at the top (crown) of the child's head, and stretch the tape out the full
length of the child, stopping at the heel of the foot. Place your free hand, side down, at the bottom of
the child's heel. Note the color or letter and weight range on the edge of the tape where your hand is.
Your assessment of a 5-year-old child reveals that he is unresponsive with a respiratory rate of 8
breaths/min and a heart rate of 50 beats/min. Treatment for this child should include:
• A:high-flow oxygen via nonrebreathing mask and rapid transport.
• B:back slaps and chest thrusts while attempting artificial ventilations.
• C:positive-pressure ventilation, chest compressions, and rapid transport.
• D:assisted ventilation with a bag-mask device and rapid transport. - Correct Answer-The correct
answer is C;
Reason:A heart rate less than 60 beats/min in an infant or child—especially when accompanied by signs
of poor perfusion and inadequate breathing—should be treated with positive-pressure ventilation, chest
compressions, and rapid transport. Respirations of 8 breaths/min and a heart rate of 50 beats/min will
not maintain adequate oxygenation and perfusion in a child. Back slaps and chest thrusts are indicated
for a responsive infant with a severe foreign body upper airway obstruction.
Which of the following techniques represents the MOST appropriate method of opening the airway of
an infant with no suspected neck injury?
• A:Perform the technique as you would for an older child or adult.
• B:Lift up the chin and hyperextend the neck.
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, • C:Tilt the head back without hyperextending the neck.
• D:Gently lift the chin while maintaining slight flexion of the neck. - Correct Answer-You selected C; This
is correct!
Reason:Opening the airway in infants and small children involves keeping the head in a neutral or
slightly extended position. Because the occipital region (back of the head) of the skull is proportionately
larger in infants and small children when compared to an adult, hyperextension of the neck can result in
a reverse flexion of the neck and subsequent airway blockage.
Following delivery of a newborn, the 21-year-old mother is experiencing mild vaginal bleeding. You note
that her heart rate has increased from 90 to 120 beats/min and she is diaphoretic. In addition to
administering high-flow oxygen, treatment should include:
• A:uterine massage and transport.
• B:internal vaginal pads and treating for shock during transport.
• C:treating for shock and uterine massage during transport.
• D:placing her on her left side and transport. - Correct Answer-You selected C; This is correct!
Reason:Blood loss of up to 500 mL within the first 24 hours after delivery is considered normal and
usually is well tolerated by the mother. However, any bleeding, regardless of the severity, with
accompanying signs of shock, must be treated accordingly. In this case, you should apply high-flow
oxygen, treat the patient for shock by elevating her legs (if allowed by local protocol) and providing
warmth, and provide rapid transport to the hospital while massaging the uterine fundus en route.
Placing the mother on her left side is appropriate before she delivers and prevents supine hypotensive
syndrome. Dressings should never be packed into the vagina; placing pads into the vagina increases the
risk for maternal infection.
Which of the following signs is MOST indicative of inadequate breathing in an infant?
• A:Heart rate of 130 beats/min
• B:Sunken fontanelles
• C:Expiratory grunting
• D:Abdominal breathing - Correct Answer-You selected C; This is correct!
Reason:Expiratory grunting in an infant or a child with a respiratory problem is an ominous sign; it
indicates impending respiratory arrest. Grunting represents the child's attempt to maintain oxygen
4|Page
With Complete 500 Questions And
Correct Detailed Answers| Brand New
Version
Upon assessing a newborn immediately after delivery, you note that the infant is breathing
spontaneously and has a heart rate of 80 beats/min. What is the MOST appropriate initial management
for this newborn?
• A:Start chest compressions and contact medical control.
• B:Assess the newborn's skin condition and color.
• C:Provide blow-by oxygen with oxygen tubing.
• D:Initiate positive-pressure ventilations. - Correct Answer-The correct answer is D;
Reason:Positive-pressure ventilations are indicated in the newborn if he or she is apneic or has gasping
respirations, if the heart rate is less than 100 beats/min, or if central cyanosis persists despite the
delivery of blow-by oxygen. Chest compressions are indicated if the heart rate is less than 60 beats/min,
despite 30 seconds of adequate positive-pressure ventilation. In many cases, the newborn's heart rate
will increase to greater than 100 beats/min with adequately performed positive-pressure ventilation.
The appropriate technique for performing two-rescuer CPR on a 4-year-old child includes:
• A:15 compressions to 2 ventilations, compressing the sternum with the heel of your hand, and
ventilating until visible chest rise occurs.
• B:30 compressions to 2 ventilations, compressing the chest one third the depth of the chest, and
delivering each breath over 1 second.
• C:15 compressions to 2 ventilations, compressing the sternum with your thumbs, and delivering at
least 100 compressions per minute.
• D:30 compressions to 2 ventilations, compressing the sternum with the heel of both hands, and
delivering each breath over 1 to 2 seconds - Correct Answer-The correct answer is A;
Reason:When performing two-rescuer CPR on an infant (less than 1 year of age) or a child (1 year of age
to the onset of puberty [12 to 14 years of age]), use a compression to ventilation ratio of 15:2. Compress
the chest one-third the depth of the chest (about 1 1/2" for infants; about 2" for children), at a rate of at
least 100/min, and allow the chest to fully recoil in between compressions. Deliver each breath over 1
1|Page
,second, just enough to produce visible chest rise, and allow complete exhalation. For a child, use the
heel of one or both hands to compress the chest, depending on the size of the child. For two-rescuer
infant CPR, use the tips of your thumbs to compress the chest (two-thumb, encircling hands technique);
the two-finger technique may be used for one-rescuer infant CPR. A 30:2 compression to ventilation
ratio is used for all adult and one-rescuer CPR.
Appropriate treatment for an 18-year-old woman with severe vaginal bleeding may include all of the
following, EXCEPT:
• A:covering the vagina with a trauma dressing.
• B:high concentrations of oxygen.
• C:placing sterile dressings into the vagina.
• D:keeping her warm with blankets. - Correct Answer-You selected C; This is correct!
Reason: The source of bleeding from the vagina cannot be directly controlled in the field. You should
never pack or place any dressings directly into the vagina as this increases the risk of infection;
furthermore, these dressings will only have to be removed at the hospital. Instead, you should place a
trauma dressing or similar material over the vagina. If the patient has signs of shock, administer high-
flow oxygen, keep her warm, and transport without delay.
A 34-year-old woman, who is 36 weeks pregnant, is having a seizure. After you protect her airway and
ensure adequate ventilation, you should transport her:
• A:in a semisitting position.
• B:in the prone position
• C:on her left side.
• D:in the supine position. - Correct Answer-You selected C; This is correct!
Reason:Initial care for any patient who is seizing—pregnant or otherwise—involves ensuring a patent
airway, adequate ventilation, and administering high-flow oxygen. If the patient is breathing
inadequately, ventilation assistance is indicated. Suction any secretions from the patient's mouth. The
pregnant patient should be placed on her left side (lateral recumbent position); this will prevent supine
hypotensive syndrome—a condition in which the pregnant uterus compresses the inferior vena cava and
reduces cardiac output. A lateral recumbent position will also facilitate the draininge of oral secretions,
thus minimizing the risk of aspiration.
2|Page
,Which of the following statements regarding the length-based resuscitation tape measure is correct?
• A:The red end of the tape measure is placed at the heel of the child's foot.
• B:The resuscitation tape estimates a child's age based on his or her height.
• C:It is not a reliable tool in children who are less than 5 years of age.
• D:The tape measure can be used in children who weigh up to 75 pounds. - Correct Answer-The correct
answer is D;
Reason:There are a number of ways to identify the appropriate size equipment for a pediatric patient;
however, the length-based resuscitation tape measure is perhaps the most accurate. Pediatricians
generally agree that length (height), not age, is the most reliable estimator of weight. The resuscitation
tape estimates a child's weight based on his or her height; it is a reliable tool to use in children who
weigh up to 75 lb (34 kg). To use the resuscitation tape, lay it next to the child with the multicolored side
up. Place the red end of the tape at the top (crown) of the child's head, and stretch the tape out the full
length of the child, stopping at the heel of the foot. Place your free hand, side down, at the bottom of
the child's heel. Note the color or letter and weight range on the edge of the tape where your hand is.
Your assessment of a 5-year-old child reveals that he is unresponsive with a respiratory rate of 8
breaths/min and a heart rate of 50 beats/min. Treatment for this child should include:
• A:high-flow oxygen via nonrebreathing mask and rapid transport.
• B:back slaps and chest thrusts while attempting artificial ventilations.
• C:positive-pressure ventilation, chest compressions, and rapid transport.
• D:assisted ventilation with a bag-mask device and rapid transport. - Correct Answer-The correct
answer is C;
Reason:A heart rate less than 60 beats/min in an infant or child—especially when accompanied by signs
of poor perfusion and inadequate breathing—should be treated with positive-pressure ventilation, chest
compressions, and rapid transport. Respirations of 8 breaths/min and a heart rate of 50 beats/min will
not maintain adequate oxygenation and perfusion in a child. Back slaps and chest thrusts are indicated
for a responsive infant with a severe foreign body upper airway obstruction.
Which of the following techniques represents the MOST appropriate method of opening the airway of
an infant with no suspected neck injury?
• A:Perform the technique as you would for an older child or adult.
• B:Lift up the chin and hyperextend the neck.
3|Page
, • C:Tilt the head back without hyperextending the neck.
• D:Gently lift the chin while maintaining slight flexion of the neck. - Correct Answer-You selected C; This
is correct!
Reason:Opening the airway in infants and small children involves keeping the head in a neutral or
slightly extended position. Because the occipital region (back of the head) of the skull is proportionately
larger in infants and small children when compared to an adult, hyperextension of the neck can result in
a reverse flexion of the neck and subsequent airway blockage.
Following delivery of a newborn, the 21-year-old mother is experiencing mild vaginal bleeding. You note
that her heart rate has increased from 90 to 120 beats/min and she is diaphoretic. In addition to
administering high-flow oxygen, treatment should include:
• A:uterine massage and transport.
• B:internal vaginal pads and treating for shock during transport.
• C:treating for shock and uterine massage during transport.
• D:placing her on her left side and transport. - Correct Answer-You selected C; This is correct!
Reason:Blood loss of up to 500 mL within the first 24 hours after delivery is considered normal and
usually is well tolerated by the mother. However, any bleeding, regardless of the severity, with
accompanying signs of shock, must be treated accordingly. In this case, you should apply high-flow
oxygen, treat the patient for shock by elevating her legs (if allowed by local protocol) and providing
warmth, and provide rapid transport to the hospital while massaging the uterine fundus en route.
Placing the mother on her left side is appropriate before she delivers and prevents supine hypotensive
syndrome. Dressings should never be packed into the vagina; placing pads into the vagina increases the
risk for maternal infection.
Which of the following signs is MOST indicative of inadequate breathing in an infant?
• A:Heart rate of 130 beats/min
• B:Sunken fontanelles
• C:Expiratory grunting
• D:Abdominal breathing - Correct Answer-You selected C; This is correct!
Reason:Expiratory grunting in an infant or a child with a respiratory problem is an ominous sign; it
indicates impending respiratory arrest. Grunting represents the child's attempt to maintain oxygen
4|Page
