Test Bank - for Statistics for Nursing Research A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice 3rd Edition by Susan K. Grove, All Chapters | Complete Guide A+

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EXERCISE
Identifying Levels o + t + t
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fMeasurement: Nominal, O
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rdinal, Interval, and Ratio + t
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1

The questions are in bold followed by answers.
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1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide
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a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categori
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eswere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs
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thesubjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usuall
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y on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current ther
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apies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug cat
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egory can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-
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1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
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2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rational
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e foryour answer.
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Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
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were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug f
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or thissample.
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3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this samp
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le?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
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Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resul
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ted in ratio- +t +t


level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
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level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gra
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y,2017; Knapp, 2017).
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4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study
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:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
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a. Less than $50,000
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b. $50,000 to 59,999
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c. $60,000 to 69,999
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d. $70,000 to 80,000
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e. $80,000 or greater
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What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
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the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income categ
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o- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
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ended

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,AG 1-2
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categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
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ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark e
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ither (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be chan
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gedto greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank order
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ed from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove
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& Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
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5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
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item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rate
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d their symp-
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toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depressio
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n symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
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item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et
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al., 2017).
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6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores f
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orthe cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS s
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coresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
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level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data
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(Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
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7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importan
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ce of this result.
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Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the gr
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eater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thesu
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bjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
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jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases
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, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress
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, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially
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thosein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
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8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated wi
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th an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest wh
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ole percent (%).
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Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample include
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d 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac p
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atients not treated for depression was 91 (106 –
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+t15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group frequenc
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y ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 10
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0% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest whol
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e percent as directed in the question. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of patients
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treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an
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antidepressant.
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9. What was the purpose of the 6- +t +t +t +t +t +t


minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
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Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6- +t +t +t +t +t +t +t


min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
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state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determi
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ne a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore cou
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ld be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional statusof ca
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rdiac patients. +t

, Answer+ t Guidelines+ t for+ t Questions+ t to+ t Be+ t Graded AG+t1-3


10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measureme
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ntfor the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answ
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er. Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was mea
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suredwith the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, cli
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mbing,lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a r
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ating scalewith values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Conf
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idence scaleand the subscales were considered interval-
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level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,such as means and SDs (see the study narr
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ative; Waltz et al., 2017).
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