1|Page
Bio 1108 Exam set 1-3 Herrick Newest
2025/2026 Complete Questions And
Correct Detailed Answers (Verified
Answers) |Brand New Version!!
EXAM 1
what are two factors that contribute to phenotype? - SOLUTION=genotype and
environment
why is it difficult to define the word "species"? - SOLUTION=as an evolutionary
unit, species must be, by definition, fluid and capable of changing, giving rise to
new species through evolution- it is difficult to define because IT IS DYNAMIC
the biological species concept (BSC) - SOLUTION=Ernst Mayr (1904-2005)
"species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are
reproductively isolated from other such groups"
-most widely used and accepted definition
evidence that human lineage branched off the great apes - SOLUTION=1.
comparative anatomy (physical features)
2. molecular analysis (DNA)
3. fossil record
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who is our closest living relative? - SOLUTION=bonobos and chimpanzees; DNA
differ ny only 1%
hominin - SOLUTION=human/chimpanzee common ancestor
what feature did ardi (Ardipithecus ramidus) have that was revolutionary? -
SOLUTION=ardi was capable of moving upright
which was the first hominin that was discovered to be fully bipedal? -
SOLUTION=Lucy; Australopithecus afarensis
which hominin first left Africa? - SOLUTION=homo ergaster
morphospecies concept - SOLUTION=holds that members of the same species
must also look alike (size, shape, coloration); extended to DNA
limitations of BSC and morphospecies concept - SOLUTION=1. difficult to apply
in the real world
2. cannot be applied to asexual or extinct organisms
3. does not account for genetic exchange in ring species
4. does not account for hybridization of plants
ring species - SOLUTION=populations that are reproductively but not genetically
isolated
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ecological niche - SOLUTION=complete description of the role the species play in
its environment; habitat requirements
-it is impossible for two species to coexist in the same location if niches are too
similar; competition can drive one to extinction
ecological species concept - SOLUTION=idea that there is a one to one
correspondence between a species and its niche
phylogenetic species concept - SOLUTION=idea that members of the same species
share a common ancestor (and common fate)
species - SOLUTION=individuals that are able to exchange genetic material
gene pool - SOLUTION=all alleles present in individuals of that species
populations - SOLUTION=interbreeding groups of organisms of the same species
living in the same geographical area
what are two main sources that lead to genetic variation? - SOLUTION=mutation
and recombination
what can somatic mutations lead to? - SOLUTION=cancer, disease and even death
to an INDIVIDUAL
what can germ line mutations lead to? - SOLUTION=mutations that are passed
down to offspring
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recombination; name two ways it can occur - SOLUTION=new alleles may be
generated through crossing over and independent assortment
allele frequency - SOLUTION=rate of occurrences of alleles in a population
gene locus - SOLUTION=the location of a certain gene/allele
allele - SOLUTION=a form of a gene; one copy of a gene
example: A, a
how is genetic variation measured? - SOLUTION=through the allele frequency
equation
what is the allele frequency equation? - SOLUTION=AF=(# of copies of an
allele)/(total # of alleles in population)
evolution - SOLUTION=change in allele frequency or genotype frequency over
time
how is evolution measured? - SOLUTION=examinable physical traits, gel
electrophoresis, DNA sequences;
most importantly: the hardy-weinberg equilibrium
Bio 1108 Exam set 1-3 Herrick Newest
2025/2026 Complete Questions And
Correct Detailed Answers (Verified
Answers) |Brand New Version!!
EXAM 1
what are two factors that contribute to phenotype? - SOLUTION=genotype and
environment
why is it difficult to define the word "species"? - SOLUTION=as an evolutionary
unit, species must be, by definition, fluid and capable of changing, giving rise to
new species through evolution- it is difficult to define because IT IS DYNAMIC
the biological species concept (BSC) - SOLUTION=Ernst Mayr (1904-2005)
"species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are
reproductively isolated from other such groups"
-most widely used and accepted definition
evidence that human lineage branched off the great apes - SOLUTION=1.
comparative anatomy (physical features)
2. molecular analysis (DNA)
3. fossil record
,2|Page
who is our closest living relative? - SOLUTION=bonobos and chimpanzees; DNA
differ ny only 1%
hominin - SOLUTION=human/chimpanzee common ancestor
what feature did ardi (Ardipithecus ramidus) have that was revolutionary? -
SOLUTION=ardi was capable of moving upright
which was the first hominin that was discovered to be fully bipedal? -
SOLUTION=Lucy; Australopithecus afarensis
which hominin first left Africa? - SOLUTION=homo ergaster
morphospecies concept - SOLUTION=holds that members of the same species
must also look alike (size, shape, coloration); extended to DNA
limitations of BSC and morphospecies concept - SOLUTION=1. difficult to apply
in the real world
2. cannot be applied to asexual or extinct organisms
3. does not account for genetic exchange in ring species
4. does not account for hybridization of plants
ring species - SOLUTION=populations that are reproductively but not genetically
isolated
,3|Page
ecological niche - SOLUTION=complete description of the role the species play in
its environment; habitat requirements
-it is impossible for two species to coexist in the same location if niches are too
similar; competition can drive one to extinction
ecological species concept - SOLUTION=idea that there is a one to one
correspondence between a species and its niche
phylogenetic species concept - SOLUTION=idea that members of the same species
share a common ancestor (and common fate)
species - SOLUTION=individuals that are able to exchange genetic material
gene pool - SOLUTION=all alleles present in individuals of that species
populations - SOLUTION=interbreeding groups of organisms of the same species
living in the same geographical area
what are two main sources that lead to genetic variation? - SOLUTION=mutation
and recombination
what can somatic mutations lead to? - SOLUTION=cancer, disease and even death
to an INDIVIDUAL
what can germ line mutations lead to? - SOLUTION=mutations that are passed
down to offspring
, 4|Page
recombination; name two ways it can occur - SOLUTION=new alleles may be
generated through crossing over and independent assortment
allele frequency - SOLUTION=rate of occurrences of alleles in a population
gene locus - SOLUTION=the location of a certain gene/allele
allele - SOLUTION=a form of a gene; one copy of a gene
example: A, a
how is genetic variation measured? - SOLUTION=through the allele frequency
equation
what is the allele frequency equation? - SOLUTION=AF=(# of copies of an
allele)/(total # of alleles in population)
evolution - SOLUTION=change in allele frequency or genotype frequency over
time
how is evolution measured? - SOLUTION=examinable physical traits, gel
electrophoresis, DNA sequences;
most importantly: the hardy-weinberg equilibrium
