NSG 533 ADV PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
100% PASS 2026/2027
What are the five components of pathophysiology? -ANS etiology
pidemiology
pathogenesis
clinical manifestations
outcomes
Etiology -ANS Causative factor
-simple
-complex
-idiopathic
-iatrogenic
Epidemiology -ANS Patterns in populations of people and their characteristics
-incidence
-prevalence
2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Incidence -ANS New
Prevalence -ANS Existing and new; total
Pathogenesis -ANS Sequence of events from stimulus of disease and manifestations
Clinical manifestations -ANS Signs (assessment, definitive)
Symptoms (experienced by pt, subjective)
Outcomes -ANS Cure, remission, chronicity, or death
-not specifically treatment
Primary prevention -ANS Preventing initial occurrence
Secondary prevention -ANS Detection and screening
Tertiary prevention -ANS Treating or reducing relapse/disability/chronicity
What are the 4 common mechanisms of cell injury and death? -ANS 1. ATP depletion
2. O2 and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. Intracellular calcium and loss of steady state
4. Membrane permeability defect
2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2
, What is ATP depletion? -ANS Inability of cell to produce adequate ATP to fuel normal
activities
-most common: hypoxia
How does hypoxia affect cellular energy production? -ANS Hypoxia leads to the inability
to perform oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic) and glycolysis (anaerobic) kicks in
What are the consequences of ATP depletion in terms of ion regulation? -ANS ATP
depletion leads to the failure of the NaK pump, causing the leakage of Na+ and Ca2+ into the
cell, and the production of lactate
How does NaK pump failure impact the cell? -ANS Na normally outside and K normally
inside
Na+ leaks in and pump can't maintain balance
Water follows, cell and contents swells
What does a drop in pH do to the cell? -ANS Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
Disruption of cell membrane allowing calcium influx
Pyknosis -ANS Clumping of nuclear material as a result of a drop in pH
Karyorrhexis -ANS Fragmentation of nuclear material
2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 3
EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
100% PASS 2026/2027
What are the five components of pathophysiology? -ANS etiology
pidemiology
pathogenesis
clinical manifestations
outcomes
Etiology -ANS Causative factor
-simple
-complex
-idiopathic
-iatrogenic
Epidemiology -ANS Patterns in populations of people and their characteristics
-incidence
-prevalence
2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Incidence -ANS New
Prevalence -ANS Existing and new; total
Pathogenesis -ANS Sequence of events from stimulus of disease and manifestations
Clinical manifestations -ANS Signs (assessment, definitive)
Symptoms (experienced by pt, subjective)
Outcomes -ANS Cure, remission, chronicity, or death
-not specifically treatment
Primary prevention -ANS Preventing initial occurrence
Secondary prevention -ANS Detection and screening
Tertiary prevention -ANS Treating or reducing relapse/disability/chronicity
What are the 4 common mechanisms of cell injury and death? -ANS 1. ATP depletion
2. O2 and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. Intracellular calcium and loss of steady state
4. Membrane permeability defect
2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2
, What is ATP depletion? -ANS Inability of cell to produce adequate ATP to fuel normal
activities
-most common: hypoxia
How does hypoxia affect cellular energy production? -ANS Hypoxia leads to the inability
to perform oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic) and glycolysis (anaerobic) kicks in
What are the consequences of ATP depletion in terms of ion regulation? -ANS ATP
depletion leads to the failure of the NaK pump, causing the leakage of Na+ and Ca2+ into the
cell, and the production of lactate
How does NaK pump failure impact the cell? -ANS Na normally outside and K normally
inside
Na+ leaks in and pump can't maintain balance
Water follows, cell and contents swells
What does a drop in pH do to the cell? -ANS Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
Disruption of cell membrane allowing calcium influx
Pyknosis -ANS Clumping of nuclear material as a result of a drop in pH
Karyorrhexis -ANS Fragmentation of nuclear material
2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 3
