NR507- ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS 2026/2027
Acute renal failure - ANS Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - ANS Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be
similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - ANS Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 1
, Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - ANS Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most
significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - ANS End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD
with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point,
the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication
for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and include
salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - ANS There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - ANS There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS 2026/2027
Acute renal failure - ANS Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - ANS Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be
similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - ANS Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 1
, Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - ANS Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most
significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - ANS End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD
with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point,
the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication
for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and include
salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - ANS There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - ANS There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2
