NR601 Midterm Correct Questions and
Answers | Graded A+ | 2026 Prep
What are the 3 primary physiological changes of aging? - Correct
Answer✔✔-1. Reduced physiological reserve of most body systems,
esp. cardiac, resp, renal.
2. Reduced homeostatic mechanisms that fail to adjust regulatory
systems (i.e. temp control, fluid/lyte balance, etc.).
3. Impaired immunological function (infection risk is greater,
autoimmune dz's more prevalent)
What is the preferred amount of exercise for elderly? - Correct
Answer✔✔-30min/day 5 days/wk of moderate exercise.
If trying to lose wt: 60min/day.
What are PFTs? - Correct Answer✔✔-Group of tests that provide
quantifiable measurement of lung function, used to dx resp
abnormalities or assess progression/resolution of lung dz.
What is FEV1? - Correct Answer✔✔-Forced Expiratory Volume in
1 second (80-120%)
What is FVC? - Correct Answer✔✔-Forced Vital Capacity (80-
120%)
What is normal FEV1/FVC ratio? - Correct Answer✔✔-<0.7 (70%)
What is GOLD 1 criteria? - Correct Answer✔✔-Mild
FEV1 >/= 80% predicted
What is GOLD 2 criteria? - Correct Answer✔✔-Moderate
,FEV1 50-79% predicted
What is GOLD 3 criteria? - Correct Answer✔✔-Severe
FEV1 30-49% predicted
What is GOLD 4 criteria? - Correct Answer✔✔-Very severe
FEV1 <30% predicted
What are the signal symptoms of COPD? - Correct Answer✔✔-
Dyspnea
Chronic cough w/sputum
Decreased activity tolerance
Wheezing
What are characteristics of COPD? - Correct Answer✔✔-Common,
preventable, treatable.
Characterized by persistent airflow limitation.
Usually progressive, associated with enhanced chronic inflammatory
response in airways and lungs to noxious particles/gases
Airway fibrosis, luminal plugs, airway inflammation, increased
airway resistance, small airway dz.
Decreased elastic recoil of alveoli.
What are risk factors for COPD? - Correct Answer✔✔-Smoking
(increasing w/number of pack years)
Second hand smoke
Environmental pollution (endotoxins, coal dust, mineral dust)
What is seen on phys exam in COPD? - Correct Answer✔✔-May be
normal in early states
,As severity progresses: lung hyperinflation, decreased breath sounds,
wheezes at bases, distant heart tones (b/c of hyperinflation, so S1/S2
sounds off in distance), accessory muscle use, pursed lip breathing,
increased expiratory phase, neck vein distention.
How is COPD diagnosed? - Correct Answer✔✔-Spirometry is gold
standard (pre and post bronchodilator).
Irreversible airflow limitation is hallmark.
How is COPD treated? - Correct Answer✔✔-Bronchodilators: beta
agonists (long/short), anticholinergics (long/short), or combo.
What is the MOA of beta agonists? - Correct Answer✔✔-Stimulates
beta-2-adrenergic receptors, increasing cyclic AMP, resulting in
relaxing airways.
What is the MOA of anticholinergics? - Correct Answer✔✔-Block
the effect of acetylcholine on muscarinic type 3 receptors, resulting in
bronchodilation.
Why are long-acting beta agonists prescribed for COPD? - Correct
Answer✔✔-They are for moderate airflow limitation.
They relieve symptoms, increase exercise tolerance, reduce number of
exacerbations, improve QOL.
What are some non pulmonary diagnoses that result in COPD-type
symptoms? - Correct Answer✔✔-CHF
Hyperventilation syndrome
Panic attacks
Vocal cord dysfunction
Obstructive sleep apnea
Aspergillosis
Chronic fatigue syndrome
, What are signal symptoms of asthma? - Correct Answer✔✔-
Wheezing
Shortness of breath
Cough (esp at night)
Chest tightness
What is chronic bronchitis? - Correct Answer✔✔-Daily chronic
cough w/increased sputum for at least 3 consecutive months in at least
2 consecutive years.
Usually worse on wakening.
May or may not be associated with COPD.
What is emphysema? - Correct Answer✔✔-Characterized by
obstruction to airflow caused by abnormal airspace enlargement distal
to terminal bronchioles.
Chronic inflammation/remodeling, trapping air, hindering effective
O2/CO2 exchange (all due to inflammatory mediators infiltrating
airways).
What are signal symptoms of ischemic heart dz? - Correct
Answer✔✔-Chest pain
Chest tightness
Chest discomfort
What is ischemic heart dz? - Correct Answer✔✔-Imbalance between
supply and demand for blood flow to myocardium
What are signal symptoms of lung CA? - Correct Answer✔✔-Cough
Dyspnea
Wt loss
Anorexia
Hemoptysis
Answers | Graded A+ | 2026 Prep
What are the 3 primary physiological changes of aging? - Correct
Answer✔✔-1. Reduced physiological reserve of most body systems,
esp. cardiac, resp, renal.
2. Reduced homeostatic mechanisms that fail to adjust regulatory
systems (i.e. temp control, fluid/lyte balance, etc.).
3. Impaired immunological function (infection risk is greater,
autoimmune dz's more prevalent)
What is the preferred amount of exercise for elderly? - Correct
Answer✔✔-30min/day 5 days/wk of moderate exercise.
If trying to lose wt: 60min/day.
What are PFTs? - Correct Answer✔✔-Group of tests that provide
quantifiable measurement of lung function, used to dx resp
abnormalities or assess progression/resolution of lung dz.
What is FEV1? - Correct Answer✔✔-Forced Expiratory Volume in
1 second (80-120%)
What is FVC? - Correct Answer✔✔-Forced Vital Capacity (80-
120%)
What is normal FEV1/FVC ratio? - Correct Answer✔✔-<0.7 (70%)
What is GOLD 1 criteria? - Correct Answer✔✔-Mild
FEV1 >/= 80% predicted
What is GOLD 2 criteria? - Correct Answer✔✔-Moderate
,FEV1 50-79% predicted
What is GOLD 3 criteria? - Correct Answer✔✔-Severe
FEV1 30-49% predicted
What is GOLD 4 criteria? - Correct Answer✔✔-Very severe
FEV1 <30% predicted
What are the signal symptoms of COPD? - Correct Answer✔✔-
Dyspnea
Chronic cough w/sputum
Decreased activity tolerance
Wheezing
What are characteristics of COPD? - Correct Answer✔✔-Common,
preventable, treatable.
Characterized by persistent airflow limitation.
Usually progressive, associated with enhanced chronic inflammatory
response in airways and lungs to noxious particles/gases
Airway fibrosis, luminal plugs, airway inflammation, increased
airway resistance, small airway dz.
Decreased elastic recoil of alveoli.
What are risk factors for COPD? - Correct Answer✔✔-Smoking
(increasing w/number of pack years)
Second hand smoke
Environmental pollution (endotoxins, coal dust, mineral dust)
What is seen on phys exam in COPD? - Correct Answer✔✔-May be
normal in early states
,As severity progresses: lung hyperinflation, decreased breath sounds,
wheezes at bases, distant heart tones (b/c of hyperinflation, so S1/S2
sounds off in distance), accessory muscle use, pursed lip breathing,
increased expiratory phase, neck vein distention.
How is COPD diagnosed? - Correct Answer✔✔-Spirometry is gold
standard (pre and post bronchodilator).
Irreversible airflow limitation is hallmark.
How is COPD treated? - Correct Answer✔✔-Bronchodilators: beta
agonists (long/short), anticholinergics (long/short), or combo.
What is the MOA of beta agonists? - Correct Answer✔✔-Stimulates
beta-2-adrenergic receptors, increasing cyclic AMP, resulting in
relaxing airways.
What is the MOA of anticholinergics? - Correct Answer✔✔-Block
the effect of acetylcholine on muscarinic type 3 receptors, resulting in
bronchodilation.
Why are long-acting beta agonists prescribed for COPD? - Correct
Answer✔✔-They are for moderate airflow limitation.
They relieve symptoms, increase exercise tolerance, reduce number of
exacerbations, improve QOL.
What are some non pulmonary diagnoses that result in COPD-type
symptoms? - Correct Answer✔✔-CHF
Hyperventilation syndrome
Panic attacks
Vocal cord dysfunction
Obstructive sleep apnea
Aspergillosis
Chronic fatigue syndrome
, What are signal symptoms of asthma? - Correct Answer✔✔-
Wheezing
Shortness of breath
Cough (esp at night)
Chest tightness
What is chronic bronchitis? - Correct Answer✔✔-Daily chronic
cough w/increased sputum for at least 3 consecutive months in at least
2 consecutive years.
Usually worse on wakening.
May or may not be associated with COPD.
What is emphysema? - Correct Answer✔✔-Characterized by
obstruction to airflow caused by abnormal airspace enlargement distal
to terminal bronchioles.
Chronic inflammation/remodeling, trapping air, hindering effective
O2/CO2 exchange (all due to inflammatory mediators infiltrating
airways).
What are signal symptoms of ischemic heart dz? - Correct
Answer✔✔-Chest pain
Chest tightness
Chest discomfort
What is ischemic heart dz? - Correct Answer✔✔-Imbalance between
supply and demand for blood flow to myocardium
What are signal symptoms of lung CA? - Correct Answer✔✔-Cough
Dyspnea
Wt loss
Anorexia
Hemoptysis
