Programming and Problem Solving through C Language
O Level / A Level
Chapter -1 : Introduction to Programming
Programming Language - Introduction
A programming language is a set of symbols, grammars and rules with the help of which one is
able to translate algorithms to programs that will be executed by the computer. The programmer
communicates with a machine using programming languages. Most of the programs have a
highly structured set of rules.
The primary classifications of programming languages are: Machine Languages. Assembly
Languages. High level Languages.
Machine Language
Machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads and interprets.
Machine language is the only language a computer is capable of understanding. Machine level
language is a language that supports the machine side of the programming or does not provide
human side of the programming. It consists of (binary) zeros and ones. Each instruction in a
program is represented by a numeric code, and numerical addresses are used throughout the
program to refer to memory locations in the computer’s memory. Microcode allows for the
expression of some of the more powerful machine level instructions in terms of a set of basic
machine instructions.
Assembly language
Assembly language is easier to use than machine language. An assembler is useful for detecting
programming errors. Programmers do not have the absolute address of data items. Assembly
language encourage modular programming
High level language
High level language is a language that supports the human and the application sides of the
programming. A language is a machine independent way to specify the sequence of operations
necessary to accomplish a task. A line in a high level language can execute powerful operations,
and correspond to tens, or hundreds, of instructions at the machine level. Consequently more
programming is now done in high level languages. Examples of high level languages are BASIC,
FORTRAN etc
Compilation
The compiler program translates the instructions of a high level language to a machine level
language. A separate compiler is required for every high level language. High level language is
simply a programmer’s convenience and cannot be executed in their source. The actual high -
level program is called a source program. It is compiled (translated) to machine level language
program called object program for that machine by the compiler. Such compilers are called self-
resident compilers. Compiler compiles the full program and reports the errors at the end
O Level / A Level
Chapter -1 : Introduction to Programming
Programming Language - Introduction
A programming language is a set of symbols, grammars and rules with the help of which one is
able to translate algorithms to programs that will be executed by the computer. The programmer
communicates with a machine using programming languages. Most of the programs have a
highly structured set of rules.
The primary classifications of programming languages are: Machine Languages. Assembly
Languages. High level Languages.
Machine Language
Machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads and interprets.
Machine language is the only language a computer is capable of understanding. Machine level
language is a language that supports the machine side of the programming or does not provide
human side of the programming. It consists of (binary) zeros and ones. Each instruction in a
program is represented by a numeric code, and numerical addresses are used throughout the
program to refer to memory locations in the computer’s memory. Microcode allows for the
expression of some of the more powerful machine level instructions in terms of a set of basic
machine instructions.
Assembly language
Assembly language is easier to use than machine language. An assembler is useful for detecting
programming errors. Programmers do not have the absolute address of data items. Assembly
language encourage modular programming
High level language
High level language is a language that supports the human and the application sides of the
programming. A language is a machine independent way to specify the sequence of operations
necessary to accomplish a task. A line in a high level language can execute powerful operations,
and correspond to tens, or hundreds, of instructions at the machine level. Consequently more
programming is now done in high level languages. Examples of high level languages are BASIC,
FORTRAN etc
Compilation
The compiler program translates the instructions of a high level language to a machine level
language. A separate compiler is required for every high level language. High level language is
simply a programmer’s convenience and cannot be executed in their source. The actual high -
level program is called a source program. It is compiled (translated) to machine level language
program called object program for that machine by the compiler. Such compilers are called self-
resident compilers. Compiler compiles the full program and reports the errors at the end
