Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 Test- Questions and answers well explained!

What is the primary difference between anatomy and physiology in terms of focus? ️️ Anatomy studies structure while physiology studies function How does the principle of complementarity explain the relationship between structure and function? ️️ Structure determines function and they are interdependent What level of organization involves groups of similar cells performing a common function? ️️ Tissue level Which organ system is primarily responsible for maintaining body temperature? ️️ Integumentary system What is the term for maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes? ️️ Homeostasis What type of feedback mechanism enhances or amplifies a change in the body? ️️ Positive feedback Which feedback mechanism works to reverse a change and restore balance? ️️ Negative feedback What is the anatomical position used as a standard reference in the human body? ️️ Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward What directional term describes a structure closer to the midline of the body? ️️ Medial What is the term for a plane that divides the body into left and right halves? ️️ Sagittal plane Which body cavity houses the lungs? ️️ Thoracic cavity What membrane lines the walls of the thoracic cavity? ️️ Parietal pleura What type of tissue is responsible for covering body surfaces and lining cavities? ️️ Epithelial tissue What is the main function of connective tissue? ️️ Support, binding, and protection 2 Which tissue type is specialized for contraction and movement? ️️ Muscle tissue What type of tissue transmits electrical signals throughout the body? ️️ Nervous tissue What is the smallest unit of life in the human body? ️️ Cell Which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the cell? ️️ Mitochondria What is the function of the plasma membrane? ️️ Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell What structure controls the activities of the cell? ️️ Nucleus Which transport process requires energy to move substances across a membrane? ️️ Active transport What type of transport moves substances from high to low concentration without energy? ️️ Diffusion What is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane called? ️️ Osmosis What is the term for a solution with equal solute concentration as the cell? ️️ Isotonic What happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution? ️️ It swells What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution? ️️ It shrinks What is the function of ribosomes? ️️ Protein synthesis Which organelle modifies and packages proteins for secretion? ️️ Golgi apparatus What is the role of lysosomes in the cell? ️️ Digestion of waste and cellular debris What type of junction connects adjacent cells tightly to prevent leakage? ️️ Tight junction Which junction allows communication between adjacent cells? ️️ Gap junction What is the term for programmed cell death? ️️ Apoptosis What is the function of cilia on cell surfaces? ️️ Move substances across the cell surface What is the function of microvilli? ️️ Increase surface area for absorption 3 Which level of organization includes multiple organ systems working together? ️️ Organism level What cavity contains the brain? ️️ Cranial cavity What organ system includes the heart and blood vessels? ️️ Cardiovascular system What is the main function of the skeletal system? ️️ Support and protection Which system is responsible for hormone production? ️️ Endocrine system What is the role of the lymphatic system? ️️ Immune defense and fluid balance Which system is responsible for gas exchange? ️️ Respiratory system What is the function of the digestive system? ️️ Breakdown and absorption of nutrients What is the primary role of the urinary system? ️️ Removal of waste and regulation of fluids Which organ system enables movement of the body? ️️ Muscular system What does the term "proximal" refer to? ️️ Closer to the point of attachment What does "distal" mean in anatomical terms? ️️ Farther from the point of attachment What is the term for the front side of the body? ️️ Anterior What is the term for the back side of the body? ️️ Posterior What type of section divides the body into upper and lower parts? ️️ Transverse section What is a serous membrane? ️️ A membrane that secretes lubricating fluid What is the function of synovial membranes? ️️ Line joint cavities and produce synovial fluid What is metabolism? ️️ All chemical reactions in the body What is catabolism? ️️ Breakdown of molecules to release energy What is anabolism? ️️ Building of complex molecules What is the role of enzymes? ️️ Speed up chemical reactions 4 What is the pH scale used to measure? ️️ Acidity or alkalinity What is considered a neutral pH? ️️ 7 What is the most abundant element in the human body? ️️ Oxygen What type of bond involves sharing of electrons? ️️ Covalent bond What type of bond involves transfer of electrons? ️️ Ionic bond What is a molecule? ️️ Two or more atoms bonded together What is a compound? ️️ Two or more different elements chemically combined What is the function of carbohydrates in the body? ️️ Provide energy What is the main role of lipids? ️️ Energy storage and insulation What are proteins made up of? ️️ Amino acids What is the role of nucleic acids? ️️ Store genetic information What is DNA responsible for? ️️ Genetic instructions for protein synthesis What is RNA’s function? ️️ Assists in protein synthesis What is the fluid inside the cell called? ️️ Cytosol What is the function of the cytoskeleton? ️️ Provides structural support What is the difference between intracellular and extracellular fluid? ️️ Intracellular