HVAC PRACTICE TEST COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
2026 FULL QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS
▶ Hyperkalemia . Answer: High potassium, cardiac arrest, muscle
weakness, hyperactive bowel sounds
▶ Hypocalcemia . Answer: weak bones and teeth, severe muscle
cramping, Trousseau and Chvostek signs, caused by not ingesting enough
calcium or vitamin D
▶ Hypercalcemia . Answer: lethargy, bone pain, may be indicative of bone
cancer, immobility, bone deteriorates
▶ hypomagnecemia . Answer: tremors, tachycardia, confusion
▶ hypermagnecemia . Answer: vasodialation, nausea, emesis,
hypotensive, cardiac arrest
▶ Blood pH . Answer: 7.35-7.45
▶ Co2 normal range . Answer: 45-35
▶ HCO3- (bicarbonate) normal range . Answer: 22-26
▶ Blood pH less than 7.35 . Answer: metabolic or respiratory acidosis
▶ Blood pH more than 7.45 . Answer: metabolic or respiratory alkalosis
▶ respiratory acidosis . Answer: Co2 greater than 45, caused by
pneumonia, COPD, narcotic OD, chest injuries
▶ respiratory alkalosis . Answer: Co2 lower than 35, caused by panic
attacks, hyperventilation
▶ metabolic acidosis . Answer: HCO3- less than 22, DKA
, ▶ metabolic alkalosis . Answer: HCO3- greater than 26, GI secretions over
suctioned, NG tubes, OD on antacids, prolonged emesis
▶ Nonspecific or Innate Immunity . Answer: 1st and 2nd lines of defense
▶ Specific or Adaptive Immunity . Answer: 3rd line of defense
▶ 1st line of defense . Answer: Barriers: Skin, Mucous Membranes, Gastric
juices, Normal Flora, and Cilia
▶ 2nd line of defense . Answer: Inflammation and Phagocytosis
▶ 3rd line of defense . Answer: B-Cells and T-Cells
▶ Cycle of Infection . Answer: Pathogens, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode
of Transmission, Portal of Entry, Host B
▶ B-Cells . Answer: Responsible for production of antibodies, can clone
themselves to tag antigens, can become memory B-cells to remember
antigen(pathogen)
▶ T-Cells . Answer: born in bone marrow, but mature in thymus gland, cell-
mediated response
▶ T-Killer Cells . Answer: Phagocytosis of human cells that are infected
▶ Helper T-Cells . Answer: Like nicolas cage "Fire! Fire! Fire!", directs
adaptive immunity response in what to do
▶ IgG . Answer: Most common, in blood, Good God there's a lot of them!
▶ IgM . Answer: first at the scene, IMMediate response
▶ IgA . Answer: spread from mother to child in colostrum in breast milk,
saliva, tears
▶ IgE . Answer: AllerGIES, allergic response, release of histamine
▶ IgD . Answer: attached to B-Cells, no one knows what they do
2026 FULL QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS
▶ Hyperkalemia . Answer: High potassium, cardiac arrest, muscle
weakness, hyperactive bowel sounds
▶ Hypocalcemia . Answer: weak bones and teeth, severe muscle
cramping, Trousseau and Chvostek signs, caused by not ingesting enough
calcium or vitamin D
▶ Hypercalcemia . Answer: lethargy, bone pain, may be indicative of bone
cancer, immobility, bone deteriorates
▶ hypomagnecemia . Answer: tremors, tachycardia, confusion
▶ hypermagnecemia . Answer: vasodialation, nausea, emesis,
hypotensive, cardiac arrest
▶ Blood pH . Answer: 7.35-7.45
▶ Co2 normal range . Answer: 45-35
▶ HCO3- (bicarbonate) normal range . Answer: 22-26
▶ Blood pH less than 7.35 . Answer: metabolic or respiratory acidosis
▶ Blood pH more than 7.45 . Answer: metabolic or respiratory alkalosis
▶ respiratory acidosis . Answer: Co2 greater than 45, caused by
pneumonia, COPD, narcotic OD, chest injuries
▶ respiratory alkalosis . Answer: Co2 lower than 35, caused by panic
attacks, hyperventilation
▶ metabolic acidosis . Answer: HCO3- less than 22, DKA
, ▶ metabolic alkalosis . Answer: HCO3- greater than 26, GI secretions over
suctioned, NG tubes, OD on antacids, prolonged emesis
▶ Nonspecific or Innate Immunity . Answer: 1st and 2nd lines of defense
▶ Specific or Adaptive Immunity . Answer: 3rd line of defense
▶ 1st line of defense . Answer: Barriers: Skin, Mucous Membranes, Gastric
juices, Normal Flora, and Cilia
▶ 2nd line of defense . Answer: Inflammation and Phagocytosis
▶ 3rd line of defense . Answer: B-Cells and T-Cells
▶ Cycle of Infection . Answer: Pathogens, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode
of Transmission, Portal of Entry, Host B
▶ B-Cells . Answer: Responsible for production of antibodies, can clone
themselves to tag antigens, can become memory B-cells to remember
antigen(pathogen)
▶ T-Cells . Answer: born in bone marrow, but mature in thymus gland, cell-
mediated response
▶ T-Killer Cells . Answer: Phagocytosis of human cells that are infected
▶ Helper T-Cells . Answer: Like nicolas cage "Fire! Fire! Fire!", directs
adaptive immunity response in what to do
▶ IgG . Answer: Most common, in blood, Good God there's a lot of them!
▶ IgM . Answer: first at the scene, IMMediate response
▶ IgA . Answer: spread from mother to child in colostrum in breast milk,
saliva, tears
▶ IgE . Answer: AllerGIES, allergic response, release of histamine
▶ IgD . Answer: attached to B-Cells, no one knows what they do
