Apex Mock Exams + Valley Pre-course
Exam Exam Study Guide Description
⭐ Latest Updated Version 2026 | Complete Questions with
Correct Detailed Answers
This exam study guide is a comprehensive and well-structured resource designed to help
students prepare effectively and perform confidently in their assessments. It includes complete
exam questions with correct detailed answers, carefully organized to support understanding of
key concepts and improve exam readiness.
The content focuses on essential and commonly tested topics, allowing students to concentrate
on what matters most. Each question is followed by a clear and accurate explanation, helping
to reinforce knowledge, clarify difficult areas, and enhance critical thinking skills.
This guide is ideal for both early preparation and last-minute revision, offering a simple and
easy-to-follow format that makes studying more efficient and less stressful.
✔ What This Study Guide Includes
Complete exam questions covering important topics
Correct answers with detailed explanations
Clear and organized structure for easy revision
Coverage of frequently tested concepts
Latest updated version (2026) for current exam preparation
🎯 Ideal For
Final exam preparation
Midterm review
Self-study and revision
Practicing exam-style questions
Improving confidence and performance
,📚 A practical and reliable study resource designed to help students study smarter,
understand better, and achieve success in their exams.
"Can't ventilate, can't intubate" scenario. What is the best way to secure the airway? -
ANSWER✅✅✅Requires an emergent surgical airway
a) surgical cricothyrotomy
b) transtracheal jet ventilation
tracheostomy and retrograde intubation are not considered emergent airways
Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius -ANSWER✅✅✅F= (C x 1.8) + 32
What are the best oxygen sources for transtracheal ventilation? -ANSWER✅✅✅High
pressure O2 sources (TTJV requires psi of at least 25)
1. jet ventilator attached to anesthesia machine
2. O2 tank with a pressure regulator set to 50 psi
3. O2 flush valve on the anesthesia machine
Low pressure O2 sources (self resuscitation bag or reservoir bag on the anesthesia
machine) are not used for TTJV because they cannot fill the lungs with adequate O2
flow
LA ranked from shortest DOA to longest DOA
a) procaine
b) lidocaine
c) chloroprocaine
d) bupivacaine
e) mepivacaine
f) tetracaine
g) ropivacaine -ANSWER✅✅✅shortest (lowest protein binding) : procaine,
cholorprocaine (zero protein binding)
intermediate: lidocaine, mepivacine
longest (most protein binding): bupivacaine, ropivacaine, tetracaine
In a cirlce system, work of breathing is primarily determined by which component of the
system?
,Think about Pouiselle's Law... -ANSWER✅✅✅Whatever answer choice gives you the
smallest diameter--> decreased radius/diameter increases resistance
ETT is likely the answer since it has the narrowest diameter out of the Y piece,
unidirectional valves and circuit tubing
In the 15 kg pediatric patient who experiences cardiac arrest, what is the first
defibrillation shock set at? What about the second attempt? -ANSWER✅✅✅first
attempt: 2J/kg --> 30 J
second attempt if necessary: 4J/kg --> 60 J
Rank the following tests of neuromuscular function based on the % of receptors that can
be occupied when the desired response is achieved
TOF 4/4
double burst stimulation without fade
TV 5mL/kg
biting on tongue blade for longer than 5 seconds -ANSWER✅✅✅TV 5 mL/kg-- 80% of
receptors still occupied by NMBD
TOF 4/4 -- 70% of receptors still occupied by NMBD
double burst stimulation without fade -- 60% of receptors still occupied by NMBD
biting on tongue blade > 5 seconds -- 50% of receptors still occupied by NMBD (this is
the most sensitive test of reversal)
Surgery is needed within __ hours of spinal hematoma symptoms. If delayed for more
than __ hours, recovery is unlikely. -ANSWER✅✅✅8 hours
surgical decompression needs to happen within 8 hours of spinal hematoma symptoms
or recovery is unlikely
2 causes of hypocalcemia in the operating room -ANSWER✅✅✅1. administration of
PRBCs (citrate binds calcium)
2. hyperventilation (causes decreased ionized calcium because H+ ions get displaced
from plasma proteins and Ca takes its place)
Equation for therapeutic index (TI) -ANSWER✅✅✅LD50/ED50
Post synaptic nicotinic receptors are found at each of the following sites EXCEPT:
a) NMJ
b) SA node
c) autonomic ganglia
d) adrenal medulla -ANSWER✅✅✅B- muscarinic receptors and adrenergic (B1)
receptors are at the SA node
, Rank the following from most likely to least likely to cause a perioperative allergic
reaction
muscle relaxants
antibiotics
latex
protamine/ blood products -ANSWER✅✅✅most likely: 1. muscle relaxants (50-60%)
2. latex (15%)
3. antibiotics (10-15%)
4. protamine/ blood products (<2-3%)
What dose of epi causes beta effects? -ANSWER✅✅✅low dose epi 0.01-0.03
mcg/kg/min --> beta effects (B1= increased HR and contractility, B2= decreased SVR)
intermediate dose epi 0.03-0.15 mcg/kg/min --> mixed alpha and beta
high dose epi >0.15 mcg/kg/min --> alpha effects (increased SVR--> increased BP)
What is the first step of the soda lime reaction?
What are the final products of the soda lime reaction? -ANSWER✅✅✅First step:
CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3
(carbonic acid)
Final products:
CaCO3 + NaOH
(calcium carbonate and sodium hydroxide)
What is the Aldrete Score and what does it quantify? -ANSWER✅✅✅Quantifies
recovery from anesthesia
Drug eluding stent vs metal stent
How long after stent placement should another surgery be delayed? -
ANSWER✅✅✅DES: delay surgery for 6 months if possible
metal stent: delay surgery for a minimum of 30 days
Gastroschisis vs. Ompahlocele
Where do abdominal contents spill out from?
Are abdominal contents covered in a sac?
Which one is more associated with prematurity?
Which one is associated with congenital abnormalities? -ANSWER✅✅✅Gastroschisis
-abdominal contents coming from right of umbilicus
-abdominal contents NOT covered by a sac
-happens more commonly with prematurity
Exam Exam Study Guide Description
⭐ Latest Updated Version 2026 | Complete Questions with
Correct Detailed Answers
This exam study guide is a comprehensive and well-structured resource designed to help
students prepare effectively and perform confidently in their assessments. It includes complete
exam questions with correct detailed answers, carefully organized to support understanding of
key concepts and improve exam readiness.
The content focuses on essential and commonly tested topics, allowing students to concentrate
on what matters most. Each question is followed by a clear and accurate explanation, helping
to reinforce knowledge, clarify difficult areas, and enhance critical thinking skills.
This guide is ideal for both early preparation and last-minute revision, offering a simple and
easy-to-follow format that makes studying more efficient and less stressful.
✔ What This Study Guide Includes
Complete exam questions covering important topics
Correct answers with detailed explanations
Clear and organized structure for easy revision
Coverage of frequently tested concepts
Latest updated version (2026) for current exam preparation
🎯 Ideal For
Final exam preparation
Midterm review
Self-study and revision
Practicing exam-style questions
Improving confidence and performance
,📚 A practical and reliable study resource designed to help students study smarter,
understand better, and achieve success in their exams.
"Can't ventilate, can't intubate" scenario. What is the best way to secure the airway? -
ANSWER✅✅✅Requires an emergent surgical airway
a) surgical cricothyrotomy
b) transtracheal jet ventilation
tracheostomy and retrograde intubation are not considered emergent airways
Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius -ANSWER✅✅✅F= (C x 1.8) + 32
What are the best oxygen sources for transtracheal ventilation? -ANSWER✅✅✅High
pressure O2 sources (TTJV requires psi of at least 25)
1. jet ventilator attached to anesthesia machine
2. O2 tank with a pressure regulator set to 50 psi
3. O2 flush valve on the anesthesia machine
Low pressure O2 sources (self resuscitation bag or reservoir bag on the anesthesia
machine) are not used for TTJV because they cannot fill the lungs with adequate O2
flow
LA ranked from shortest DOA to longest DOA
a) procaine
b) lidocaine
c) chloroprocaine
d) bupivacaine
e) mepivacaine
f) tetracaine
g) ropivacaine -ANSWER✅✅✅shortest (lowest protein binding) : procaine,
cholorprocaine (zero protein binding)
intermediate: lidocaine, mepivacine
longest (most protein binding): bupivacaine, ropivacaine, tetracaine
In a cirlce system, work of breathing is primarily determined by which component of the
system?
,Think about Pouiselle's Law... -ANSWER✅✅✅Whatever answer choice gives you the
smallest diameter--> decreased radius/diameter increases resistance
ETT is likely the answer since it has the narrowest diameter out of the Y piece,
unidirectional valves and circuit tubing
In the 15 kg pediatric patient who experiences cardiac arrest, what is the first
defibrillation shock set at? What about the second attempt? -ANSWER✅✅✅first
attempt: 2J/kg --> 30 J
second attempt if necessary: 4J/kg --> 60 J
Rank the following tests of neuromuscular function based on the % of receptors that can
be occupied when the desired response is achieved
TOF 4/4
double burst stimulation without fade
TV 5mL/kg
biting on tongue blade for longer than 5 seconds -ANSWER✅✅✅TV 5 mL/kg-- 80% of
receptors still occupied by NMBD
TOF 4/4 -- 70% of receptors still occupied by NMBD
double burst stimulation without fade -- 60% of receptors still occupied by NMBD
biting on tongue blade > 5 seconds -- 50% of receptors still occupied by NMBD (this is
the most sensitive test of reversal)
Surgery is needed within __ hours of spinal hematoma symptoms. If delayed for more
than __ hours, recovery is unlikely. -ANSWER✅✅✅8 hours
surgical decompression needs to happen within 8 hours of spinal hematoma symptoms
or recovery is unlikely
2 causes of hypocalcemia in the operating room -ANSWER✅✅✅1. administration of
PRBCs (citrate binds calcium)
2. hyperventilation (causes decreased ionized calcium because H+ ions get displaced
from plasma proteins and Ca takes its place)
Equation for therapeutic index (TI) -ANSWER✅✅✅LD50/ED50
Post synaptic nicotinic receptors are found at each of the following sites EXCEPT:
a) NMJ
b) SA node
c) autonomic ganglia
d) adrenal medulla -ANSWER✅✅✅B- muscarinic receptors and adrenergic (B1)
receptors are at the SA node
, Rank the following from most likely to least likely to cause a perioperative allergic
reaction
muscle relaxants
antibiotics
latex
protamine/ blood products -ANSWER✅✅✅most likely: 1. muscle relaxants (50-60%)
2. latex (15%)
3. antibiotics (10-15%)
4. protamine/ blood products (<2-3%)
What dose of epi causes beta effects? -ANSWER✅✅✅low dose epi 0.01-0.03
mcg/kg/min --> beta effects (B1= increased HR and contractility, B2= decreased SVR)
intermediate dose epi 0.03-0.15 mcg/kg/min --> mixed alpha and beta
high dose epi >0.15 mcg/kg/min --> alpha effects (increased SVR--> increased BP)
What is the first step of the soda lime reaction?
What are the final products of the soda lime reaction? -ANSWER✅✅✅First step:
CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3
(carbonic acid)
Final products:
CaCO3 + NaOH
(calcium carbonate and sodium hydroxide)
What is the Aldrete Score and what does it quantify? -ANSWER✅✅✅Quantifies
recovery from anesthesia
Drug eluding stent vs metal stent
How long after stent placement should another surgery be delayed? -
ANSWER✅✅✅DES: delay surgery for 6 months if possible
metal stent: delay surgery for a minimum of 30 days
Gastroschisis vs. Ompahlocele
Where do abdominal contents spill out from?
Are abdominal contents covered in a sac?
Which one is more associated with prematurity?
Which one is associated with congenital abnormalities? -ANSWER✅✅✅Gastroschisis
-abdominal contents coming from right of umbilicus
-abdominal contents NOT covered by a sac
-happens more commonly with prematurity
