CERTIFICATION PAPER 2026 FULL Q&A
GRADED A+
⩥ What organism most commonly causes pneumonia in HIV-positive
patients? Answer: Pneumocystis jiroveci.
⩥ What are major pneumonia risk factors? Answer: Age >65, air
pollution, altered consciousness, immobility, chronic diseases,
immunosuppression, aspiration, smoking, and long-term care residence.
⩥ What diagnostics are used for pneumonia? Answer: H&P, chest x-ray,
sputum C&S, pulse ox or ABG, CBC, and blood cultures (if indicated).
⩥ What complications can pneumonia cause? Answer: Multidrug
resistance, atelectasis, pleurisy, effusion, bacteremia, pneumothorax,
respiratory failure, sepsis, lung abscess, and empyema.
⩥ What is the pathophysiology of lung cancer? Answer: Mutated
epithelial cells form a primary tumor promoted by epidermal growth
factor; tumors grow slowly and often arise in segmental bronchi or upper
lobes.