PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NSG 533 EXAM 1
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
2026 EDITION
What are the five essential components of pathophysiology? - ANS 1. Etiology (Causative
mechanisms)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distribution in populations)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanism)
4. clinical manifestations (signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
The "why" of disease- what is the reason for it- what caused it to happen? May be
simple/complex. - ANS etiology
Looks at the pattern of disease among groups or aggregates or populations. This component of
disease represents the relationship between numerous population characteristics (e.g. age,
ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographic location) and the incidence and prevalence of
disease. - ANS Epidemiology
Involves the sequence of events that occurs between the stimulus event(s) and the
manifestations of the disease. - ANS pathogenesis
Tell an individual and their health care provider that something is wrong. e.g. Signs and
symptoms - ANS Clinical manifestations
1
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,Are relatively easy to understand if you review their definitions (cure, remission, chronicity, or
death) - ANS Outcomes
What are the 4 common mechanisms that characterize all cell injury and death? Give 2
examples of each. - ANS 1. ATP depletion- Ischemia and Anemia
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals- Chemical and radiation injury, ischemia reperfusion
injury, microbial killing by phagocytes, and cellular aging
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state- Ischemia and certain chemicals
4. Defects in membrane permeability- Certain medications that can lead to liver or kidney
damage
The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease today- and most of the cases
involve hypoxia. Refers to the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy to fuel normal
activities of that particular cell type (cell membrane pumps and protein synthesis) and function.
- ANS ATP depletion
A very inefficient method of ATP production (yields 2 ATP) - ANS glycolysis
Is a very efficient method of ATP production (yields 36 ATP) - ANS Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP production? - ANS hypoxia
Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of energy production in the cell. -
ANS Ischemia
What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced- hypoxic injury? - ANS 1. The
amount of ATP production within the mitochondria declines
2
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, 2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Which then leads to increase in
NA+,H2O, and Ca+ in cell and decrease in K+ in cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)
increases. When glycolysis increases in the cell glycogen stores are depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Glycolysis also = intracellular pH decline (
the cell functions within narrow range of pH and even slight drop can incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis. Leads to fragmentation of the
nuclear material (karyorrhexis) and then to dissolution of nuclear membrane (karyolysis).
Decline in pH= rupture of already swollen lysosomes and release of proteolytic enzymes=
autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane.
8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and organelles= activate proteases,
endonucleases, and phospholipases that proceed to destroy the cell.
Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer ring. They have a particular affinity
for lipid substances. They combine avidly with cell or organelle membrane. "Drill a hole" in the
membrane of cell. They are normal byproducts of cellular metabolism, and they are always
present in the body. - ANS Free radicals
Chemically reactive molecules that are formed as natural oxidant species in cells during
mitochondrial respiration and energy generation. Most sources come from the mitochondria.
Made during the process of making ATP. - ANS Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Remove free radicals and ROS from our system. - ANS Antioxidants
When free radicals are produced in amounts that overwhelm our antioxidants or when
antioxidants are decreased. - ANS Oxidative Stress
What can occur within the cell when injury is induced by free radicals? - ANS 1. membrane
damage
2. protein modifications
3. mutations in DNA
3
@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
2026 EDITION
What are the five essential components of pathophysiology? - ANS 1. Etiology (Causative
mechanisms)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distribution in populations)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanism)
4. clinical manifestations (signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
The "why" of disease- what is the reason for it- what caused it to happen? May be
simple/complex. - ANS etiology
Looks at the pattern of disease among groups or aggregates or populations. This component of
disease represents the relationship between numerous population characteristics (e.g. age,
ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographic location) and the incidence and prevalence of
disease. - ANS Epidemiology
Involves the sequence of events that occurs between the stimulus event(s) and the
manifestations of the disease. - ANS pathogenesis
Tell an individual and their health care provider that something is wrong. e.g. Signs and
symptoms - ANS Clinical manifestations
1
@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Are relatively easy to understand if you review their definitions (cure, remission, chronicity, or
death) - ANS Outcomes
What are the 4 common mechanisms that characterize all cell injury and death? Give 2
examples of each. - ANS 1. ATP depletion- Ischemia and Anemia
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals- Chemical and radiation injury, ischemia reperfusion
injury, microbial killing by phagocytes, and cellular aging
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state- Ischemia and certain chemicals
4. Defects in membrane permeability- Certain medications that can lead to liver or kidney
damage
The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease today- and most of the cases
involve hypoxia. Refers to the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy to fuel normal
activities of that particular cell type (cell membrane pumps and protein synthesis) and function.
- ANS ATP depletion
A very inefficient method of ATP production (yields 2 ATP) - ANS glycolysis
Is a very efficient method of ATP production (yields 36 ATP) - ANS Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP production? - ANS hypoxia
Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of energy production in the cell. -
ANS Ischemia
What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced- hypoxic injury? - ANS 1. The
amount of ATP production within the mitochondria declines
2
@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, 2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Which then leads to increase in
NA+,H2O, and Ca+ in cell and decrease in K+ in cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)
increases. When glycolysis increases in the cell glycogen stores are depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Glycolysis also = intracellular pH decline (
the cell functions within narrow range of pH and even slight drop can incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis. Leads to fragmentation of the
nuclear material (karyorrhexis) and then to dissolution of nuclear membrane (karyolysis).
Decline in pH= rupture of already swollen lysosomes and release of proteolytic enzymes=
autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane.
8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and organelles= activate proteases,
endonucleases, and phospholipases that proceed to destroy the cell.
Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer ring. They have a particular affinity
for lipid substances. They combine avidly with cell or organelle membrane. "Drill a hole" in the
membrane of cell. They are normal byproducts of cellular metabolism, and they are always
present in the body. - ANS Free radicals
Chemically reactive molecules that are formed as natural oxidant species in cells during
mitochondrial respiration and energy generation. Most sources come from the mitochondria.
Made during the process of making ATP. - ANS Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Remove free radicals and ROS from our system. - ANS Antioxidants
When free radicals are produced in amounts that overwhelm our antioxidants or when
antioxidants are decreased. - ANS Oxidative Stress
What can occur within the cell when injury is induced by free radicals? - ANS 1. membrane
damage
2. protein modifications
3. mutations in DNA
3
@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
