BIO 345 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
proximate cause - Answers -(immediate, mechanical crisis) of biological phenomena,
subject of cell bio, neuro, and other biological principles
Ultimate cause - Answers -Historical causes (especially with natural selection)
Carols Linnaeus (1707-1778) - Answers -Established the framework of modern
taxonomy in Systema Naturae; classification of plants and animals. Classified "related"
species into genera, "related" genera into orders etc.
Uniformitarianism (Lyell) - Answers -Same processes operated in the past as in the
present, and that the data of geology should therefore be explained by causes that we
can now observe. Organized rock formations in Earths history; helped give a record of
past changes plants and animals went through.
Chevalier de Lamarck ideas and contribution to theory of evolution - Answers -
Philosophie Zoologique suggested that species had arisen by natural causes.
Organisms originated by spontaneous generation from non-living matter. As time
increases, so does the complexity of organism
Lamarckism (inheritance of acquired characteristics) ideas and contribution to theory of
evolution - Answers -Species differ from one another because they have different
needs, and so use certain of their organs and appendages more than others. Exercised
organs attract and become enlarged by the "nervous fluid." Alterations acquired during
an individual's lifetime, are inherited
First to advance a coherent and testable theory of evolution
EX.)Giraffes must have stretched their necks to reach foliage above them, and so their
necks were lengthened. The longer necks were inherited, and over the course of
generations, this process was repeated and their necks got longer and longer.
What were Darwins major contributions to the theory of evolution? (Make sure you can
pick out which ideas can be attributed to Darwin and which cannot) - Answers -Natural
selection, The origin of species, Descent with modification
How is Darwins theory of animals in traits different from Lamarck's and how does
frequency and variation come into play? - Answers -Unlike Lamarck's transformational
theory, in which individual organisms change, Darwin's is a variational theory of change,
in which the frequency of a variant form (i.e., the proportion of individuals with that
variant feature) increases within a population from generation to generation
, Name and describe the five distinct components of Darwins theory of evolution -
Answers -1. Evolution-characteristics of organisms change over time. (Did not originate
the idea of evolution, but had enough evidence that scientists validated theory)
2. Common Descent- First to argue species had common ancestors; species can be
portrayed in one family tree
3. Gradualism- Differences between species have evolved in small steps not leaps
4. Population change- Evolution occurs by changes in the proportions (frequencies) of
different variant kinds of individuals. Original idea contrast with Lamarcks idea of
sudden new species
5. Natural selection- Accounts for adaptations "designed" to fit the environment.
Revolutionized biology
Where did Darwin think hereditary variation came from? - Answers -Gap never filled in
his theory; variation should decrease not increase (Blending white and black paints
produces gray, but mixing two gray paints yields more gray, not black or white)
Alfred Russell Wallace (1858) - Answers -Natural selection of Darwin covered from
Wallace, accounts for adaptations features 'fit' organism to environment.
descent with modification - Answers -All species living and extinct descended without
interruption 1 for few original forms of life
Natural selection contribution/concept - Answers -Darwins hypothesis- adaptations,
features appeared to fit organism for environment.
Species keep and develop attributes based on survival rate
How do the principles of biogeography lead to current trends and patterns in the present
distribution of biodiversity? - Answers -Barriers make species vary
1. species has definite site
2. species achieves broader distribution
3. species becomes modified and gives rise to descendant species in various regions
How does endemicity apply to the distributions of populations? - Answers -individuals
to native area have a common ancestor
Endemic - Answers -Restricted to a particular area
Wallace line - Answers -A faunal break, sharp break discovered by wallace
biogeographic realms - Answers -major regions that have characteristic animal and
plant taxa
proximate cause - Answers -(immediate, mechanical crisis) of biological phenomena,
subject of cell bio, neuro, and other biological principles
Ultimate cause - Answers -Historical causes (especially with natural selection)
Carols Linnaeus (1707-1778) - Answers -Established the framework of modern
taxonomy in Systema Naturae; classification of plants and animals. Classified "related"
species into genera, "related" genera into orders etc.
Uniformitarianism (Lyell) - Answers -Same processes operated in the past as in the
present, and that the data of geology should therefore be explained by causes that we
can now observe. Organized rock formations in Earths history; helped give a record of
past changes plants and animals went through.
Chevalier de Lamarck ideas and contribution to theory of evolution - Answers -
Philosophie Zoologique suggested that species had arisen by natural causes.
Organisms originated by spontaneous generation from non-living matter. As time
increases, so does the complexity of organism
Lamarckism (inheritance of acquired characteristics) ideas and contribution to theory of
evolution - Answers -Species differ from one another because they have different
needs, and so use certain of their organs and appendages more than others. Exercised
organs attract and become enlarged by the "nervous fluid." Alterations acquired during
an individual's lifetime, are inherited
First to advance a coherent and testable theory of evolution
EX.)Giraffes must have stretched their necks to reach foliage above them, and so their
necks were lengthened. The longer necks were inherited, and over the course of
generations, this process was repeated and their necks got longer and longer.
What were Darwins major contributions to the theory of evolution? (Make sure you can
pick out which ideas can be attributed to Darwin and which cannot) - Answers -Natural
selection, The origin of species, Descent with modification
How is Darwins theory of animals in traits different from Lamarck's and how does
frequency and variation come into play? - Answers -Unlike Lamarck's transformational
theory, in which individual organisms change, Darwin's is a variational theory of change,
in which the frequency of a variant form (i.e., the proportion of individuals with that
variant feature) increases within a population from generation to generation
, Name and describe the five distinct components of Darwins theory of evolution -
Answers -1. Evolution-characteristics of organisms change over time. (Did not originate
the idea of evolution, but had enough evidence that scientists validated theory)
2. Common Descent- First to argue species had common ancestors; species can be
portrayed in one family tree
3. Gradualism- Differences between species have evolved in small steps not leaps
4. Population change- Evolution occurs by changes in the proportions (frequencies) of
different variant kinds of individuals. Original idea contrast with Lamarcks idea of
sudden new species
5. Natural selection- Accounts for adaptations "designed" to fit the environment.
Revolutionized biology
Where did Darwin think hereditary variation came from? - Answers -Gap never filled in
his theory; variation should decrease not increase (Blending white and black paints
produces gray, but mixing two gray paints yields more gray, not black or white)
Alfred Russell Wallace (1858) - Answers -Natural selection of Darwin covered from
Wallace, accounts for adaptations features 'fit' organism to environment.
descent with modification - Answers -All species living and extinct descended without
interruption 1 for few original forms of life
Natural selection contribution/concept - Answers -Darwins hypothesis- adaptations,
features appeared to fit organism for environment.
Species keep and develop attributes based on survival rate
How do the principles of biogeography lead to current trends and patterns in the present
distribution of biodiversity? - Answers -Barriers make species vary
1. species has definite site
2. species achieves broader distribution
3. species becomes modified and gives rise to descendant species in various regions
How does endemicity apply to the distributions of populations? - Answers -individuals
to native area have a common ancestor
Endemic - Answers -Restricted to a particular area
Wallace line - Answers -A faunal break, sharp break discovered by wallace
biogeographic realms - Answers -major regions that have characteristic animal and
plant taxa
