NR566 MIDTERM EXAM 2026 MASTER
REVISION NOTES AND PRACTICE SET
◉ Which antibiotics drug classes are contraindicated in pregnancy
and why? Answer: -Fluoroquinolones should be avoided due to
potential cartilage damage risk.
-Tetracyclines should be avoided due to potential tooth damage and
staining
◉ What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic
drug? Answer: -Bactericidal drugs are directly lethal to bacteria at
clinically achievable concentrations
-Bacteriostatic drugs can slow bacterial growth but do not cause cell
death
◉ Bactericidal Agents Answer: aminoglycosides, beta-lactams,
fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, most antimycobacterial agents,
streptogramins, and vancomycin
◉ Bacteriostatic Agents Answer: clindamycin, macrolides,
sulfonamides, and tetracyclines
,◉ What are the four basic mechanisms microbes have for resisting
drugs? Answer: 1. decrease the concentration of a drug at its site of
action
2. alter the structure of drug target molecules
3. produce a drug antagonist
4. cause drug inactivation
◉ What is the most important patient education regarding
antibiotics? Answer: It is imperative that antibiotics not be
discontinued prematurely
◉ Bacteriostatic examples Answer: Erythromycin (macrolides)
Clindamycin
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
◉ Bactericidal examples Answer: Vancomycin
Penicillins
Fluoroquinolones
Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporins
,Carbapenems
Metronidazole
◉ What classes of antibiotics are resistant to C-diff? Answer:
aminoglycosides or cephalosporins
◉ What are generally the best antibiotics to treat C-diff? Answer:
Flagyl and vancomycin
◉ What is antibiotic stewardship? Answer: plan to combat
antimicrobial resistance
◉ When is empiric therapy appropriate? Answer: patient has severe
infection and would benefit to start while cultures are pending
◉ What is the most common bacteria in CAP? Answer:
◉ What are the drugs of choice for s. pneumonia? Answer:
◉ What is the most common bacteria in UTI? Answer:
◉ What is first-line treatment for H. Pylori? Answer:
, ◉ What can Sulfonamides cause in infants? Answer: can produce
kernicterus, a severe neurologic disorder caused by displacement of
bilirubin from plasma proteins
◉ What can Gentamicin cause in infants? Answer: if used in
pregnancy, Gentamicin cause irreversible hearing loss in infant
◉ What can tetracyclines cause in infants and children? Answer:
staining of teeth
◉ Are antibiotics safe when breastfeeding? Answer: -As a general
guideline, antibiotics and all other drugs should be avoided by
women who are breastfeeding
-Amoxicillin is safe for use in breastfeeding
◉ What is the MOA of Beta-Lactam antibiotics? (penicillin) Answer:
disruption of the bacterial cell wall
◉ What other drugs are in the B-lactam family? Answer:
cephalosporins, carbapenems, and aztreonam
◉ Are beta lactams bactericidal or bacteriostatic? Answer: generally
bactericidal
REVISION NOTES AND PRACTICE SET
◉ Which antibiotics drug classes are contraindicated in pregnancy
and why? Answer: -Fluoroquinolones should be avoided due to
potential cartilage damage risk.
-Tetracyclines should be avoided due to potential tooth damage and
staining
◉ What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic
drug? Answer: -Bactericidal drugs are directly lethal to bacteria at
clinically achievable concentrations
-Bacteriostatic drugs can slow bacterial growth but do not cause cell
death
◉ Bactericidal Agents Answer: aminoglycosides, beta-lactams,
fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, most antimycobacterial agents,
streptogramins, and vancomycin
◉ Bacteriostatic Agents Answer: clindamycin, macrolides,
sulfonamides, and tetracyclines
,◉ What are the four basic mechanisms microbes have for resisting
drugs? Answer: 1. decrease the concentration of a drug at its site of
action
2. alter the structure of drug target molecules
3. produce a drug antagonist
4. cause drug inactivation
◉ What is the most important patient education regarding
antibiotics? Answer: It is imperative that antibiotics not be
discontinued prematurely
◉ Bacteriostatic examples Answer: Erythromycin (macrolides)
Clindamycin
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
◉ Bactericidal examples Answer: Vancomycin
Penicillins
Fluoroquinolones
Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporins
,Carbapenems
Metronidazole
◉ What classes of antibiotics are resistant to C-diff? Answer:
aminoglycosides or cephalosporins
◉ What are generally the best antibiotics to treat C-diff? Answer:
Flagyl and vancomycin
◉ What is antibiotic stewardship? Answer: plan to combat
antimicrobial resistance
◉ When is empiric therapy appropriate? Answer: patient has severe
infection and would benefit to start while cultures are pending
◉ What is the most common bacteria in CAP? Answer:
◉ What are the drugs of choice for s. pneumonia? Answer:
◉ What is the most common bacteria in UTI? Answer:
◉ What is first-line treatment for H. Pylori? Answer:
, ◉ What can Sulfonamides cause in infants? Answer: can produce
kernicterus, a severe neurologic disorder caused by displacement of
bilirubin from plasma proteins
◉ What can Gentamicin cause in infants? Answer: if used in
pregnancy, Gentamicin cause irreversible hearing loss in infant
◉ What can tetracyclines cause in infants and children? Answer:
staining of teeth
◉ Are antibiotics safe when breastfeeding? Answer: -As a general
guideline, antibiotics and all other drugs should be avoided by
women who are breastfeeding
-Amoxicillin is safe for use in breastfeeding
◉ What is the MOA of Beta-Lactam antibiotics? (penicillin) Answer:
disruption of the bacterial cell wall
◉ What other drugs are in the B-lactam family? Answer:
cephalosporins, carbapenems, and aztreonam
◉ Are beta lactams bactericidal or bacteriostatic? Answer: generally
bactericidal
