WGU C963 LATEST UPDATED VERSION GRADED A+ WITH CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS APPROVED AMERICAN POLITICS AND US CONSTITUTION

WGU C963 LATEST UPDATED VERSION GRADED A+ WITH CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS APPROVED AMERICAN POLITICS AND US CONSTITUTION Socialism: Leaders use their authority to promote social and economic equality. Classical Liberalism: Believes in individual rights and liberties. Views government with suspicion and rejects government intervention. Modern Liberalism: Focuses on equality and supports government intervention in society and the economy in order to promote equality. Conservative (right wing) - - ANSWER Fascism: Total control of the country by the ruling party or political leader. Authoritarianism: Leaders control the politics, military, and government of a country. Traditional Conservatism: Believes that government provides the rule of law and maintains a safe and organized society. Modern Conservatism: Elected government guards against individual liberties; prefers a smaller government that stays out of the economy. Geographic Location (demographic) - - ANSWER The political cultures of some states have a value in tradition. Some states stress citizen involvement while others exclude political participation in mass workplace demographics - - ANSWER if you belong to a professional organization or union, you are given specific information about issues important to the group and may sometimes feel pressured to vote for particular candidates or policies for the sake of promoting the organization. Political Elites (demographics): - - ANSWER Important leaders in the community, government, and media can shape public opinion by serving as a shortcut to information, helping voters to make decision. Political commentators signal how to react to current issues. For example, some young people today follow specific people on Facebook or Twitter for information and direction on how they should react to current controversial topics, much like older generations turned to news reporters and entertainers for the information they provided. Age (demographics): - - ANSWER It is not uncommon that individuals become more conservative as they grow older. Some of these changes in party allegiance may be due to generational and cultural shifts. Millennials and Generation Xers are more likely to support the Democratic party than the Republican party. In recent polling, 51% of Millennials and 49% of Generation Xers stated they supported the Democratic party, whereas only 35% and 38% , respectively, supported the Republican party. Baby Boomers (born in the years after WWII) are slightly less likely than the other groups to support the Democratic party; only 47% reported doing so. The Silent Generation (born in the 1920s to early 1940s) is the only cohort whose members state they support the Republican Party as a majority. Gender (demographic): - - ANSWER Public opinion can be affected by gender. Women tend to be more liberal while men tend to be more conservative. Women are also more likely to oppose military intervention and support government and social reform than men. Race (demographic): - - ANSWER Almost 7% of the population now identifies as biracial or multiracial, and that percentage is likely to grow. The number of citizens identifying as both African American and white doubled between 2000 and 2010, and the number of citizens identifying as both Asian American and white grew by 87%. A Pew study found that only 37% of multiracial adults favored the Republican party while 57% favored the Democratic party. Religion (demographics): - - ANSWER It is not uncommon that those with strongly held religious beliefs, such as Catholics and other Christians, tend to hold more conservative opinions. For example, many Catholics are historically anti-abortion, or what is termed pro-life. Those who do not consider themselves extremely religious tend to be more liberal in their views and opinions toward government and policies bandwagon effect - - ANSWER in which the media pays more attention to candidates who poll well during the fall and in the first few primaries, which usually leads to a shift in support of those candidates by the electorate. · Bill Clinton was nicknamed the "Comeback Kid" in 1992, after he placed second in the New Hampshire primary despite accusations of adultery with Gennifer Flowers. The media's attention on Clinton gave him the momentum horse-race journalism - - ANSWER in which, just like an announcer at the racetrack, the media calls out every candidate's moves throughout the presidential campaign. can be neutral, positive, or negative, depending upon what polls or facts are covered. · During the 2012 presidential election, the Pew Research Center found that both Mitt Romney and President Obama received more negative than positive horse-race journalism, with Romney's growing more negative as he fell in the polls. Mandate - - ANSWER which is more than half the popular vote to win. Barack Obama's 2008 victory was a mandate with 52.9% of the popular vote and 67.8% of the Electoral College vote Social Contract - - ANSWER An agreement between people and government in which citizens consent to being governed so long as the government protects their natural rights. Natural Rights - - ANSWER the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property State of Nature - - ANSWER A theory on how people might have lived before societies came into existence. is a condition in which all of us live individually and solitarily, prior to the existence of society. We are physically and mentally capable of achieving our own survival. Montesquieu () - - ANSWER contribution in The Spirit of the Laws (1748) regards the structure of political institutions. He argues for a separation of powers: legislative, executive, and judicial. Each will serve as a check on the power of the other, limiting the harm each might do. separates power to offset the power of different social interests: ordinary people, the aristocracy, and the monarch. Thomas Hobbes (): - - ANSWER One of the first individuals to contribute to the idea of the social contract was a pre-Enlightenment English philosopher. Hobbes argues that society is not something natural and immutable, but rather it is something created by us. We do this to resolve problems we collectively face, to make our lives better. State of Nature: it's "a war of all against all." Basically, the state of nature is a pretty nasty place where lives are perpetually insecure. John Locke () - - ANSWER we are autonomous individuals, capable of using reason, and are driven to advance our personal interests. Our primary interest is survival, which we want to make secure and comfortable. To achieve this security and comfort, we acquire property. Two Treatises of Government, disagrees, saying the state of nature is a relatively decent place. All its inhabitants are rational people, mindful of the basic law of nature to not harm another, and people will get along okay. But our relationship in the state of nature is "inconvenient," implying an incentive for us to devise a better, more convenient arrangement. Jean-Jacques Rousseau () - - ANSWER A French man who believed that humans are naturally good and free and can rely on their instincts. He also advocated a democracy because he believed the government should exist to protect common good. Like other Enlightenment thinkers, he was passionately committed to individual freedom, but he attacked rationalism and civilization as destroying, rather than liberating, the individual. He also called for a rigid division of gender roles, believing women should be subordinate in social life. His ideals greatly influenced the early romantic movement, which rebelled against the culture of the Enlightenment in the late eighteenth century. Rousseau was both one of the most influential voices of the Enlightenment and, in his rejection of rationalism and social discourse, a harbinger of reaction against Enlightenment ideas. Constitution is influenced by the Enlightenment - - ANSWER (Separation of powers) embodies Montesquieu's principles by separating the legislative, executive, and judicial power, placing each into the hands of different political actors. Bill of Rights influenced by Enlightenment - - ANSWER · The First Amendment gives us a definitive declaration for the protection of natural rights. Protections of individual conscience as well as protections for democratic participation (John Lock ideology). · The Second Amendment, which also embodies Lockean ideas, permits the possession of arms for the "security of a free State."14 In this Amendment, the right to rebellion is established. · Due process says all citizens are subject to fair and equitable treatment. · The Fourth - Eighth Amendments serve to both limit the power government has over us and lay out procedures which must be followed when dealing with us. · The Ninth Amendment makes it clear that the list of rights protected in the first eight Amendments is not exhaustive and that we, the people, can assert additional natural rights when we see fit (at least in theory.) · The Tenth Amendment makes clear that powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states and the people (these last two are Lockean ideals) Declaration of Independence influenced by Enlightenment - - ANSWER Locke maintains that society is a rational but voluntary expression. Government, which serves to regulate the terms of the social contact on which society is created, serves to protect our natural rights and serve as a democratic conduit for our interests. Most important of our natural rights are liberty and property. National Government under the Articles of Confederation - - ANSWER unicameral congress, or one chamber known as the Confederation Congress. no executive or judicial branch. Functions in order to make sure that the national government did not have too much power and that the power of the states remained protected. had the authority to exchange ambassadors and make treaties with foreign governments and Indian tribes, declare war, coin currency and borrow money, and settle disputes between states. Each state legislature appointed delegates to the Congress; these men could be recalled at any time. Regardless of its size or the number of delegates it chose to send, each state would have only one vote. Delegates could serve for no more than three consecutive years, lest a class of elite professional politicians develop. The nation would have no independent chief executive or judiciary. Nine votes were required before the central government could act, and the Articles of Confederation could be changed only by unanimous approval of all 13 states. Powers under the Articles of Confederation (national government): - - ANSWER The Power to Borrow and Coin Money The Power to Declare War The Power to Make Treaties and Alliances with Other Nations The Power to Regulate Trade with the Native Americans The Power to Settle Disputes among Other States The Power to Borrow and Coin Money (National Government) - - ANSWER The national government could make the currency of the United States, known as Continental currency. It could also borrow money from other nations to cover the country's debts that remained from fighting during the American Revolution. This power to borrow and coin money was limited, as the national government had to rely on the states for enough money to cover debts and back any loans taken from other countries.