NU 185
NU185 Exam 4 GALEN Questions with
Detailed Answers Graded A+ 2026
Diabetes Mellitus
Three P’s in Type 1 Diabetes
Answer: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
S/S of Type 1 Diabetes
Answer: Weight loss, irritability, weakness, nausea/vomiting
S/S of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Answer: Weight gain, poor wound healing, blurred vision, numbness/tingling in
hands and feet
A1C Levels
Answer: 4.9%-6.7% is excellent
Long-Term Effects of Poor Glucose Control
Answer: Neuropathy, unhealed wounds, cardiovascular disease, metabolic
syndrome, nephropathy, retinopathy
Long-Acting Insulin
Answer: Provides basal insulin throughout the day; no peak; monitor for
hypo/hyperglycemia
Names of Long-Acting Insulin
Answer: Lantus, Levemir
Intermediate-Acting Insulin
Answer: Duration 18-26 hrs, onset 2 hrs, peak 4-12 hrs
Name the Intermediate-Acting Insulin
Answer: NPH
Short-Acting Insulin
Answer: Regular insulin; onset 30 min, duration 6-8 hrs, peak 1-3 hrs
NU 185
,NU 185
70/30 Insulin Mix
Answer: 70% NPH / 30% Regular; onset 30-60 min, peak 3-8 hrs, duration 10-18
hrs; watch for hypoglycemia at peak
HbA1C Interpretation
Answer: Reflects average glucose over prior 2-3 months; drop from 9% → 5% =
improved control
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Answer: Presence of ketones, metabolic acidosis, fruity breath; treat with IV
fluids, insulin, electrolyte correction
Endocrine Disorders
Addison’s Disease S/S
Answer: Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hyperpigmentation, salt craving
Diet for Addison’s Disease
Answer: Add salt to meals
Cushing Syndrome S/S
Answer: Moon face, central obesity, purple striae; labs may show ↑ WBC
Hypopituitarism (Adults)
Answer: Fatigue, decreased libido, cold intolerance; may need hormone
replacement
Hyperpituitarism / Acromegaly
Answer: Enlarged facial features, coarse hair, enlarged hands/feet
Pheochromocytoma Classic Triad
Answer: Headache, sweating, tachycardia/palpitations; preop: alpha then beta
blockade
SIADH Lab Findings
Answer: Low serum sodium, high urine osmolality; risk of water intoxication,
crackles, confusion
NU 185
, NU 185
DI (Diabetes Insipidus) Lab Findings
Answer: Polyuria, dilute urine, low urine specific gravity; treatment: DDAVP
DDAVP (Desmopressin)
Answer: Synthetic ADH; controls urine output; therapeutic effect: decreased UO
Renal / Dialysis
Hemodialysis Nursing
Answer: Hold antihypertensives to avoid hypotension; monitor lung sounds for
pulmonary edema
AV Fistula Assessment
Answer: Palpate thrill, auscultate bruit; no BP/venipuncture on that arm
Peritoneal Dialysis Complications
Answer:
• Cloudy dialysate, abdominal pain, fever → peritonitis
• Slow outflow → check kinks, reposition
• Exit site infection → red, tender, purulent
Renal Diet (CKD)
Answer: Protein restriction, potassium/phosphorus limits as indicated
Renal Biopsy Pre/Post Care
Answer: Hold anticoagulants, check coagulation; post: monitor hematuria, VS,
flank pain
Creatinine Clearance
Answer: Estimates GFR; decreases with CKD or dehydration
ESRD Nursing Priority
Answer: Monitor lungs q4h for crackles/pulmonary edema; assess fluid status
AKI Priority
Answer: Monitor urine output, creatinine clearance; treat electrolyte imbalances
(esp. K+)
NU 185
NU185 Exam 4 GALEN Questions with
Detailed Answers Graded A+ 2026
Diabetes Mellitus
Three P’s in Type 1 Diabetes
Answer: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
S/S of Type 1 Diabetes
Answer: Weight loss, irritability, weakness, nausea/vomiting
S/S of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Answer: Weight gain, poor wound healing, blurred vision, numbness/tingling in
hands and feet
A1C Levels
Answer: 4.9%-6.7% is excellent
Long-Term Effects of Poor Glucose Control
Answer: Neuropathy, unhealed wounds, cardiovascular disease, metabolic
syndrome, nephropathy, retinopathy
Long-Acting Insulin
Answer: Provides basal insulin throughout the day; no peak; monitor for
hypo/hyperglycemia
Names of Long-Acting Insulin
Answer: Lantus, Levemir
Intermediate-Acting Insulin
Answer: Duration 18-26 hrs, onset 2 hrs, peak 4-12 hrs
Name the Intermediate-Acting Insulin
Answer: NPH
Short-Acting Insulin
Answer: Regular insulin; onset 30 min, duration 6-8 hrs, peak 1-3 hrs
NU 185
,NU 185
70/30 Insulin Mix
Answer: 70% NPH / 30% Regular; onset 30-60 min, peak 3-8 hrs, duration 10-18
hrs; watch for hypoglycemia at peak
HbA1C Interpretation
Answer: Reflects average glucose over prior 2-3 months; drop from 9% → 5% =
improved control
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Answer: Presence of ketones, metabolic acidosis, fruity breath; treat with IV
fluids, insulin, electrolyte correction
Endocrine Disorders
Addison’s Disease S/S
Answer: Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hyperpigmentation, salt craving
Diet for Addison’s Disease
Answer: Add salt to meals
Cushing Syndrome S/S
Answer: Moon face, central obesity, purple striae; labs may show ↑ WBC
Hypopituitarism (Adults)
Answer: Fatigue, decreased libido, cold intolerance; may need hormone
replacement
Hyperpituitarism / Acromegaly
Answer: Enlarged facial features, coarse hair, enlarged hands/feet
Pheochromocytoma Classic Triad
Answer: Headache, sweating, tachycardia/palpitations; preop: alpha then beta
blockade
SIADH Lab Findings
Answer: Low serum sodium, high urine osmolality; risk of water intoxication,
crackles, confusion
NU 185
, NU 185
DI (Diabetes Insipidus) Lab Findings
Answer: Polyuria, dilute urine, low urine specific gravity; treatment: DDAVP
DDAVP (Desmopressin)
Answer: Synthetic ADH; controls urine output; therapeutic effect: decreased UO
Renal / Dialysis
Hemodialysis Nursing
Answer: Hold antihypertensives to avoid hypotension; monitor lung sounds for
pulmonary edema
AV Fistula Assessment
Answer: Palpate thrill, auscultate bruit; no BP/venipuncture on that arm
Peritoneal Dialysis Complications
Answer:
• Cloudy dialysate, abdominal pain, fever → peritonitis
• Slow outflow → check kinks, reposition
• Exit site infection → red, tender, purulent
Renal Diet (CKD)
Answer: Protein restriction, potassium/phosphorus limits as indicated
Renal Biopsy Pre/Post Care
Answer: Hold anticoagulants, check coagulation; post: monitor hematuria, VS,
flank pain
Creatinine Clearance
Answer: Estimates GFR; decreases with CKD or dehydration
ESRD Nursing Priority
Answer: Monitor lungs q4h for crackles/pulmonary edema; assess fluid status
AKI Priority
Answer: Monitor urine output, creatinine clearance; treat electrolyte imbalances
(esp. K+)
NU 185
