NR 507
Advanced
Pathology Final
Exam Complete
Study Guide
2026 2027 with
Verified
Questions and
Correct Answers
,Angle of His - correct answer = Creates a flap valve effect to prevent reflux and makes gastro
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
esophageal junction longer which increases the pressure m m m m m m
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - correct answer = A digestive disease in which
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.
m m m m m m m m
Obesity makes the angle of His a widened angle which decreases the pressure at the gastro
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
esophageal junction m
big fatty meals and carbonation stretches the stomach out which thins out the muscles
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
around the stomach which decreases the pressure on the flap valve
m m m m m m m m m m
Hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter also allows reflux, as well as hiatal hernia,
m m m m m m m m m m m m
gastroparesis, and obesity m m
heartburn and regurgitation are typical symptoms m m m m m
chest pain, hoarseness, cough, asthma, and globus (lump in throat) are atypical for classic
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
GERD
Associated symptoms are dyspepsia, epigastric pain, bloating, belching, and nausea
m m m m m m m m m
H.Pylori bacteria is associated with GERD m m m m m
Barrett's esophagus - correct answer = caused by exposure to enzymes coming from the
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
stomach - stomach acid does not cause this - so can have non-acid reflux Barrett's
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
esophagus
m diaphram - correct answer = a muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
also makes up the lower esophageal sphincter
m m m m m m
The top 1/3 of the esophagus is ______________ muscle. - correct answer = skeletal
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
muscle
the middle of the esophagus muscle is made up of...muscle - correct answer = skeletal and
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
smooth muscle m
m the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus is made up of....muscle - correct answer = smooth muscle
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
m simple obstruction of the GI tract - correct answer = result from the blockage of the intestine.
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
Causes of simple obstructions include adhesions, hernias, tumors, or even ingestion of
m m m m m m m m m m m m
inorganic objects that become lodged within the intestine.
m m m m m m m m
,intussusception, or the telescoping of the intestinal wall onto itself, is more common in m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
children less than 2 years of age, m m m m m m m
surgical adhesions are more common in adults. m m m m m m m
Ingestion of objects that result in simple obstructions are more common during the toddler
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
years. m
Functional obstructions occur because of a lack of gut motility, such as during a paralytic
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
ileus
peptic ulcer disease - correct answer = ulcer formation in the GI tract that affects the lining of
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer) or lower part of the esophagus
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
(esophageal ulcer)
m
m
form due to gastric acid and pepsin and the breakdown of the stomach lining
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
Risk factors for developing PUD include:
m m m m m
NSAID use. m
Age greater than 65 years. m m m m
Genetic predisposition. m
Alcohol ingestion. m
m the role of the stomach - correct answer = to liquify food by churning it and using enzymes and
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
m acid to assist in the breakdown
m m m m m
pylorus - correct answer = a muscle like structure that squeezes food down into the
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
duodenum
can become scarred and lead to obstruction with gastric ulcers
m m m m m m m m m
the mucosa layer of the stomach lining - correct answer = secrets mucosa rich in bicarbonate
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
- it protects the lining of the stomach from acid
m m m m m m m m m m
has gastric pits that contain parietal cells, chief cells, and G-cells
m m m m m m m m m m
m parietal cells - correct answer = secrete HCl (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor
m m m m m m m m m m m m
chief cells - correct answer = secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin via the action
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
of hydrochloric acid
m m
m G-cells - correct answer = releases gastrin m m m m m m
m submucosa - correct answer = on top of mucosa m m m m m m m m
contains connective tissue, nerves, and vessels m m m m m
, m Muscularis Externa - correct answer = on top of the submucosa m m m m m m m m m m
three smooth muscle layers: aid in peristalysis
m m m m m m
m serosa - correct answer = on top of muscularis externa
m m m m m m m m m
outer layer of connective tissue that connects to organs
m m m m m m m m
Good and Bad key players in peptic ulcer disease - correct answer = Good: "defense system"
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
bicarb = coats and protects cells m m m m m
prostaglandins = regulates perfusion to stomach and mucus to release bicarb, controls acid m m m m m m m m m m m m m
amount secreted by parietal cells m m m m
Bad: "toxic system"
m m
ulcer (H. Pylori, NSAIDs, etc) = acid penetrates mucosa = histamine released = parietal cells
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
release even more HCL acid = more stomach irritation
m m m m m m m m
HCL acid via parietal cells + Pepsinogen via chief cells = pepsin
m m m m m m m m m m m
Heliobacter pylori - correct answer = spiral shaped bacteria that is the cause of most gastric
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
ulcers
produces urease which breaks down urea = ammonia & carbon dioxide = neutralizes acid
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
and breaks down mucosa
m m m
spreads through oral/oral or oral/fecal m m m m
NSAIDs effect on gastric system - correct answer = decreases production of prostaglandins
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
= impacts the health of the stomach
m m m m m m
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - correct answer = Gastrin-secreting tumor associated with
m m m m m m m m m m m
ulcers = increased stomach acid m m m m
signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease - correct answer = Indigestion & epigastric pain
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
(burning, gnawing or dull) m m m
Gastric = eating food makes it worse (1-2hrs after), pain = dull & aching, weightloss, sever:
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
vomit = coffee grounds or frank red blood
m m m m m m m
Duodenal = eating food makes it better (3-4 hours after), wake in the middle of night with pain,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
gnawing pain, severe: tarry dark stool m m m m m
diagnosing peptic ulcer disease - correct answer = scope of the stomach
m m m m m m m m m m m m
upper GI series: drink barium to coat upper GI tract
m m m m m m m m m
CT scan of abdomen with contrast
m m m m m m
Advanced
Pathology Final
Exam Complete
Study Guide
2026 2027 with
Verified
Questions and
Correct Answers
,Angle of His - correct answer = Creates a flap valve effect to prevent reflux and makes gastro
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
esophageal junction longer which increases the pressure m m m m m m
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - correct answer = A digestive disease in which
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.
m m m m m m m m
Obesity makes the angle of His a widened angle which decreases the pressure at the gastro
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
esophageal junction m
big fatty meals and carbonation stretches the stomach out which thins out the muscles
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
around the stomach which decreases the pressure on the flap valve
m m m m m m m m m m
Hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter also allows reflux, as well as hiatal hernia,
m m m m m m m m m m m m
gastroparesis, and obesity m m
heartburn and regurgitation are typical symptoms m m m m m
chest pain, hoarseness, cough, asthma, and globus (lump in throat) are atypical for classic
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
GERD
Associated symptoms are dyspepsia, epigastric pain, bloating, belching, and nausea
m m m m m m m m m
H.Pylori bacteria is associated with GERD m m m m m
Barrett's esophagus - correct answer = caused by exposure to enzymes coming from the
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
stomach - stomach acid does not cause this - so can have non-acid reflux Barrett's
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
esophagus
m diaphram - correct answer = a muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
also makes up the lower esophageal sphincter
m m m m m m
The top 1/3 of the esophagus is ______________ muscle. - correct answer = skeletal
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
muscle
the middle of the esophagus muscle is made up of...muscle - correct answer = skeletal and
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
smooth muscle m
m the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus is made up of....muscle - correct answer = smooth muscle
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
m simple obstruction of the GI tract - correct answer = result from the blockage of the intestine.
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
Causes of simple obstructions include adhesions, hernias, tumors, or even ingestion of
m m m m m m m m m m m m
inorganic objects that become lodged within the intestine.
m m m m m m m m
,intussusception, or the telescoping of the intestinal wall onto itself, is more common in m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
children less than 2 years of age, m m m m m m m
surgical adhesions are more common in adults. m m m m m m m
Ingestion of objects that result in simple obstructions are more common during the toddler
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
years. m
Functional obstructions occur because of a lack of gut motility, such as during a paralytic
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
ileus
peptic ulcer disease - correct answer = ulcer formation in the GI tract that affects the lining of
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer) or lower part of the esophagus
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
(esophageal ulcer)
m
m
form due to gastric acid and pepsin and the breakdown of the stomach lining
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
Risk factors for developing PUD include:
m m m m m
NSAID use. m
Age greater than 65 years. m m m m
Genetic predisposition. m
Alcohol ingestion. m
m the role of the stomach - correct answer = to liquify food by churning it and using enzymes and
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
m acid to assist in the breakdown
m m m m m
pylorus - correct answer = a muscle like structure that squeezes food down into the
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
duodenum
can become scarred and lead to obstruction with gastric ulcers
m m m m m m m m m
the mucosa layer of the stomach lining - correct answer = secrets mucosa rich in bicarbonate
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
- it protects the lining of the stomach from acid
m m m m m m m m m m
has gastric pits that contain parietal cells, chief cells, and G-cells
m m m m m m m m m m
m parietal cells - correct answer = secrete HCl (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor
m m m m m m m m m m m m
chief cells - correct answer = secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin via the action
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
of hydrochloric acid
m m
m G-cells - correct answer = releases gastrin m m m m m m
m submucosa - correct answer = on top of mucosa m m m m m m m m
contains connective tissue, nerves, and vessels m m m m m
, m Muscularis Externa - correct answer = on top of the submucosa m m m m m m m m m m
three smooth muscle layers: aid in peristalysis
m m m m m m
m serosa - correct answer = on top of muscularis externa
m m m m m m m m m
outer layer of connective tissue that connects to organs
m m m m m m m m
Good and Bad key players in peptic ulcer disease - correct answer = Good: "defense system"
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
bicarb = coats and protects cells m m m m m
prostaglandins = regulates perfusion to stomach and mucus to release bicarb, controls acid m m m m m m m m m m m m m
amount secreted by parietal cells m m m m
Bad: "toxic system"
m m
ulcer (H. Pylori, NSAIDs, etc) = acid penetrates mucosa = histamine released = parietal cells
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
release even more HCL acid = more stomach irritation
m m m m m m m m
HCL acid via parietal cells + Pepsinogen via chief cells = pepsin
m m m m m m m m m m m
Heliobacter pylori - correct answer = spiral shaped bacteria that is the cause of most gastric
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
ulcers
produces urease which breaks down urea = ammonia & carbon dioxide = neutralizes acid
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
and breaks down mucosa
m m m
spreads through oral/oral or oral/fecal m m m m
NSAIDs effect on gastric system - correct answer = decreases production of prostaglandins
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
= impacts the health of the stomach
m m m m m m
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - correct answer = Gastrin-secreting tumor associated with
m m m m m m m m m m m
ulcers = increased stomach acid m m m m
signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease - correct answer = Indigestion & epigastric pain
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
(burning, gnawing or dull) m m m
Gastric = eating food makes it worse (1-2hrs after), pain = dull & aching, weightloss, sever:
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
vomit = coffee grounds or frank red blood
m m m m m m m
Duodenal = eating food makes it better (3-4 hours after), wake in the middle of night with pain,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
gnawing pain, severe: tarry dark stool m m m m m
diagnosing peptic ulcer disease - correct answer = scope of the stomach
m m m m m m m m m m m m
upper GI series: drink barium to coat upper GI tract
m m m m m m m m m
CT scan of abdomen with contrast
m m m m m m
