KNR 307 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

KNR 307 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 osteoporosis - Answers disease where decreased bone strength and mass significantly increase the risk of fracture, makes too little bone or loses too much bone prevalence of osteoporosis - Answers 54 million Americans, 1 in 2 women, 1 in 4 men age 50 + hip, spine, wrist, ribs - Answers bones most fractured by osteoporosis hip and lumbar spine - Answers bones most affected by osteoporosis economic costs - Answers loss of independence, $19 billion /year, costs of broken bones signs and symptoms of op - Answers bone fracture that came easily, lower back pain, stooping posture, losing height causes of op - Answers Osteoporotic bones have lost density or mass and contain abnormal tissue structure. As bones become less dense, they weaken and are more likely to break risk factors for op - Answers history of fracture, current low bone mass, female, small frame (127), 65 y/o, family history of op, postmenopause, current abnormal absence of period, eating disorder, diet low in calcium, certain meds like corticosteroids and anticonvulsants, low testosterone in men, inactive lifestyle, smoking, alcoholism, being white or asian how is op detected - Answers BMD tests, FRAX score, medical history, physical exam, lab tests how is op prevented - Answers get enough calcium and vitamin d, engage in regular exercise (esp resistance training), eat fruits and veggies, avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption, have bmd test and take meds when needed, talk to healthcare provider fractures - Answers what is the main complication of op? medications commonly used to treat op - Answers estrogens, alendronate, calcitonin, raloxifene, risedronate Calcium - Answers 1200 mg/day, 800-1000 for young adults bone mineral density test - Answers uses DEXA (low radiation, usually at hip and lumbar), expresses a relationship between two norms (expected BMD based on age and sex [Z score] and the patients score) difference between these two is the standard deviation, who should have a bmd test - Answers all women 65+ no matter what, younger postmenopausal women w/ 1 or more risk factors other than being white/postmenopausal/female define osteoarthritis - Answers degenerative joint disease in which the cartilage that covers the ends of the bones in the joint deteriorates causing pain and loss of movement as bone begins to rub against bone prevalence of oa - Answers 1 in 2 adults have knee oa , 1 in 4 have hip oa by 85, 1 in 12 have hand oa by 60 what joints are most affected by oa - Answers knee, hip, lower back and neck, hands what joints are least affected by oa - Answers non weight bearing joints signs and symptoms of oa - Answers joint pain or stiffness, loss of movement, joint swelling/inflammation top 3 leading causes of DAILY disability in the US, - Answers arthritis, back/spine problems, heart disease causes of oa - Answers genes, overweight, injury and overuse, other disorders how is oa is prevented - Answers maintain healthy weight, control blood sugar, exercise, avoid injury, live healthy lifestyle main complication of oa - Answers overgrowth of bone with lipping and spur formation, resulting in impaired function, stiffness and low range of mobility OA risk factors - Answers older people, possible younger people with joint injuries seek medical advice for oa - Answers when they begin feeling pain, stiffness and it is affecting daily life how is oa diagnosed - Answers health history/symptoms, physical exam, diagnostic tests such as joint aspiration, MRI or Xray OA treatment - Answers medications, non-drug pain relief, surgery, alternative therapies surgical procedures commonly used for oa - Answers joint replacement average cost of arthroscopic knee surgery - Answers 8,000-10,000 how effective arthroscopic knee surgery for the treatment of knee oa and what is meant by a placebo effect - Answers not very effective, study showed that people with fake surgery gave similar results as those who got actual surgery, so not really "curing" anything type of self care tips could be advised for individuals to help relieve the discomfort of oa - Answers stretching, exercising, massage/acupuncture, positivity, medications complementary and alternative medicine remedies for dealing with oa - Answers nutritional supplements, acupuncture or acupressure, massage, relaxation techniques and hydrotherapy functions of skeletal system - Answers support, protection, body movements, hemopoiesis, mineral storage why should you take calcium and vitamin d together? - Answers because vitamin d helps you absorb calcium cortical bone - Answers 80% of skeleton, however ALL bone has cortical bone, is solid and densely packed (aka compact bone) ,forms the outer walls of all bones but dominates the shaft of long bones trabecular bone - Answers 20% of skeleton, spongy bone, porous, strength and support, helps reduce weight of body negative feedback loop - Answers when something goes up, it is going to elicit a response, ex: temp goes up, AC kicks in to cool down room) blood is made up of - Answers plasma (55%), blood cells/formed elements (45%) plasma - Answers liquid portion of blood, carries solutes, can see how much calcium you have and determine if you're in build up or break down increased bone mineral density includes - Answers stimulation of deposition (osteoblasts) and inhibition of withdrawal (osteoclasts) stimulation of deposition (osteoblasts) - Answers weight bearing activity (such as standing), growth, fluoride inhibition of withdrawal (osteoclasts) - Answers weight bearing activity, estrogen/testosterone, calcitonin, adequate intake of calcium/vitamin d decreased bone mineral density involves - Answers inhibition of deposition (osteoblasts) and stimulation of withdrawal (osteoclasts) inhibition of deposition (osteoblasts) - Answers lack of weight bearing activity, chronic malnutrition, alcoholism, chronic disease and aging stimulation of withdrawal (osteoclasts) - Answers lack of weight bearing activity/space travel-weightlessness, estrogen deficiency, testosterone density, hormone replacement therapy, acidosis first 5 years post menopausal a woman can lose up to ___ of bone density - Answers 1/3 acidosis - Answers change in body chemistry, more acidic environment articular cartilage - Answers end of the bone meniscus cartilage - Answers added cartilage that allows for extra shock absorption osteoporosis is the most common - Answers metabolic bone disease metabolism - Answers sum total of chemical reactions in the body anabolism - Answers building chemical reactions, adding mass catabolism - Answers breaking down osteopenia - Answers reduced bone mass