NUR 265 EXAM 3 MEDICAL SURGICAL
NURSING GALEN COLLEGE 2026/2027 WITH
ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS
|CURRENTLY TESTING QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS|ALREADY GRADED A+|NEWEST
|BRAND NEW VERSION|JUST RELEASED!!
what are some secondary brain injury events?
ischemia from hypoxia and hypotension, hemorrhage, cerebral edema
Clients with a traumatic brain injury usually have injury to other areas like what?
C-Spine heart, lungs, facial structures, abdomen, bones
What is the leading cause of traumatic head injuries
MVA
What are some primary brain injury event
contusion, lacerations, damage to blood vessels, acceleration/deceleration injuries, foreign
object penetration
Which of the primary or secondary is preventable?
Secondary
what is the end result of Secondary (indirect) brain injury
ICP and or herniation
How would you pharmacology treat ICP
1|Page
,Mannitol
The first thing you assume when managing a patient with a traumatic head injury
C spine fracture RT loss of breathing
Scalp injuries can cause
Lacerations, hematomas, contusion or abrasions
High velocity objects produce what in the brain and skull
Shock waves
Therapy to preserve brain homeostatsis and prevent secondary damage
Treat cerebral edema
maintain perfusion by treating hypotension, hypovolemia, bleeding, management of ICP
Maintain oxygenation
maintain cardiovascular and respiratory function
Depressed skull fracture injure the brain by
bruising it or driving bone fragments into the brain
What are the three types of skull fracture
Linear, depressed, basilar
Of the three types of skull fracture which types do not require medical treatment most of the
time
Linear
Depressed skull fracture
can be palpated and are seen on x ray
basilar skull fracture
occurs in bones over the base of the frontal lobe and temporal lobes
2|Page
,Manifestation of basilar skull fracture
ecchymosis around the eyes and behind the ear. Blood and CSF can leak out od the ears, nose,
eyes, and mouth
What is the cardinal sign of increased ICP
Vomiting
Diffused brain injury
Involves the tissue of the entire brain
Example of a diffused brain injury
concussion - resulting loss of consciousness for 5 minutes or less
Diffuse axonal injury
most severe form of head injury... three types mild, moderate, severe
mild diffused axonal injury manifestations
LOC lasting 6-24 hours and short term disabilities
Moderate diffused axonal injury manifestation
LOC lasting less then 24 hours, incomplete recovery on awakening
Severe diffused axonal injury manifestation
Primary injury to the brain stem; abnormal posturing, coma, NO ICP or cerebral edema; HTN
and Fever
Example of focal brain injury
Epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, Intracerebral hematoma
Epidural hematoma occurs from injury to the
Cerebral blood vessels most commonly middle meningeal artery
3|Page
, Bleeding from a Epidural hematoma is usually
continuous and a large clot forms which separates the dura from the skull
manifestations of Epidural hematoma
unconscious immediately after injury, lucid when awakened, pupil dilation, eye movement
paralysis on the side of hematoma, coma
Subdural Hematoma occurs from injury to the
veins that bridge over the brain
Classification of the subdural hematoma is based on
how fast manifestation occur
Acute subdural hematoma manifestations
Symptomatic with in 24-48 hours and the same as epidural hematoma with slower onset
because of venous return
Other manifestations that differentiate subdural and epidural hematoma
headaches irritable and confused, fluctuating LOC
Chronic Subdural Hematoma is most common in
An Older adult client and alcoholics because of atrophy of the brain which causes stretching of
the veins
Chronic Subdural Hematomas manifestations
Gradual neurologic deterioration s/a drowsy, incoherent, inattentive personality changes.
Acute subdural hematoma Onset
24-48 hours
Subacute subdural hematoma onset
4|Page
NURSING GALEN COLLEGE 2026/2027 WITH
ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS
|CURRENTLY TESTING QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS|ALREADY GRADED A+|NEWEST
|BRAND NEW VERSION|JUST RELEASED!!
what are some secondary brain injury events?
ischemia from hypoxia and hypotension, hemorrhage, cerebral edema
Clients with a traumatic brain injury usually have injury to other areas like what?
C-Spine heart, lungs, facial structures, abdomen, bones
What is the leading cause of traumatic head injuries
MVA
What are some primary brain injury event
contusion, lacerations, damage to blood vessels, acceleration/deceleration injuries, foreign
object penetration
Which of the primary or secondary is preventable?
Secondary
what is the end result of Secondary (indirect) brain injury
ICP and or herniation
How would you pharmacology treat ICP
1|Page
,Mannitol
The first thing you assume when managing a patient with a traumatic head injury
C spine fracture RT loss of breathing
Scalp injuries can cause
Lacerations, hematomas, contusion or abrasions
High velocity objects produce what in the brain and skull
Shock waves
Therapy to preserve brain homeostatsis and prevent secondary damage
Treat cerebral edema
maintain perfusion by treating hypotension, hypovolemia, bleeding, management of ICP
Maintain oxygenation
maintain cardiovascular and respiratory function
Depressed skull fracture injure the brain by
bruising it or driving bone fragments into the brain
What are the three types of skull fracture
Linear, depressed, basilar
Of the three types of skull fracture which types do not require medical treatment most of the
time
Linear
Depressed skull fracture
can be palpated and are seen on x ray
basilar skull fracture
occurs in bones over the base of the frontal lobe and temporal lobes
2|Page
,Manifestation of basilar skull fracture
ecchymosis around the eyes and behind the ear. Blood and CSF can leak out od the ears, nose,
eyes, and mouth
What is the cardinal sign of increased ICP
Vomiting
Diffused brain injury
Involves the tissue of the entire brain
Example of a diffused brain injury
concussion - resulting loss of consciousness for 5 minutes or less
Diffuse axonal injury
most severe form of head injury... three types mild, moderate, severe
mild diffused axonal injury manifestations
LOC lasting 6-24 hours and short term disabilities
Moderate diffused axonal injury manifestation
LOC lasting less then 24 hours, incomplete recovery on awakening
Severe diffused axonal injury manifestation
Primary injury to the brain stem; abnormal posturing, coma, NO ICP or cerebral edema; HTN
and Fever
Example of focal brain injury
Epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, Intracerebral hematoma
Epidural hematoma occurs from injury to the
Cerebral blood vessels most commonly middle meningeal artery
3|Page
, Bleeding from a Epidural hematoma is usually
continuous and a large clot forms which separates the dura from the skull
manifestations of Epidural hematoma
unconscious immediately after injury, lucid when awakened, pupil dilation, eye movement
paralysis on the side of hematoma, coma
Subdural Hematoma occurs from injury to the
veins that bridge over the brain
Classification of the subdural hematoma is based on
how fast manifestation occur
Acute subdural hematoma manifestations
Symptomatic with in 24-48 hours and the same as epidural hematoma with slower onset
because of venous return
Other manifestations that differentiate subdural and epidural hematoma
headaches irritable and confused, fluctuating LOC
Chronic Subdural Hematoma is most common in
An Older adult client and alcoholics because of atrophy of the brain which causes stretching of
the veins
Chronic Subdural Hematomas manifestations
Gradual neurologic deterioration s/a drowsy, incoherent, inattentive personality changes.
Acute subdural hematoma Onset
24-48 hours
Subacute subdural hematoma onset
4|Page
