Neuro-Ophthalmology and Critical Care Adults and Older
Adults Exam I: Cataracts, Retinal Detachment, Age-Related
Macular Degeneration, Glaucoma, Seizures, Epilepsy, Tonic-
Clonic, Absence, Myoclonic, Atonic, Intracranial Pressure,
Cushing’s Triad, Traumatic Brain Injury, Coup-Contrecoup,
Epidural Hematoma, Subdural Hematoma, Intracerebral
Hemorrhage, Spinal Cord Injury, Tetraplegia, Paraplegia,
Autonomic Dysreflexia, Neurogenic Shock, Stroke, Ischemic,
Hemorrhagic, Transient Ischemic Attack, Thrombolytics,
Delirium, Hypoactive, Hyperactive, ICU Nursing Management,
Seizure Pharmacology, Surgical Interventions Exam Questions
Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales
Latest Updated 2026
What is the pathophysiology of Cataracts?
1. Most age-related (senile cataracts)
2. Trauma, maternal rubella, systemic corticosteroids
What are risk factors for cataracts?
1. Age
2. Diabetes, hypertension
3. Trauma
4. Medications: corticosteroids, diuretics
5. Congenital
6. Tobacco, alcohol
,What are signs and symptoms of cataracts?
1. blurred or hazy vision
2. decreased intensity of colors
3. increased sensitivity to glare from lights
4. increased difficulty seeing at night
5. change in eye's refractive error
What are non-surgical interventions for cataracts?
1. Temporary
2. Antioxidative treatments
3. Palliative measures: glasses, lights, drive during day
surgical interventions for cataracts?
replace/remove lens, phacoemulsification
Extracapsular cataract extraction procedure
Nursing interventions for cataracts
1. Health promotion: sunglasses, vitamin C and E, good nutrition
2. Giving family information on procedure
3. Decreasing room light after pupils dilated
Pre-op medications for cataract surgery
1. mydriatic (alpha adrenergic agonists) - produces pupillary dilation by contraction of the iris dilator
muscle
2. Anticholinergic agent
,3. NSAIDs
post-op considerations for cataract surgery
1. NSAIDs
2. Antibiotics
3. Avoid activities that increase IOP
4. Teach S&S of infection
What is phacoemulsification?
an ultrasonic vibration of the lens to break it into little pieces
what activities increase IOP?
head positioning, bending, coughing, valslva maneuver
What is retinal detachment?
separation of the sensory retina and the underlying pigment epithelium with fluid accumulation
between the two layers
Pathophysiology of retinal detachment?
most common cause is retinal breaks: interruption in the full thickness of the retinal tissue and they can
be classified as tears of holes
Once the retina has a break, liquid vitreous can enter the subretinal space between the sensory layer
and the retinal pigment epithelium layer
, Risk factors for retinal detachment
1. increasing age
2. severe myopia
3. Eye trauma
4. Cataract surgery
5. Family or personal history of retinal detachment
Clinical manifestations of retinal detachment
1. Photopsia (light flashes)
2. Floaters
3. Cobweb or hairnet or ring in field of vision
4. Painless loss of peripheral or central vision
5. Area of visual loss corresponds inversely to the area of detachment
Two objectives or treating a detached retina
1. Seal any retinal breaks
2. Relieve inward traction
surgical treatment options for retinal detachment
1. Laser photocoagulation
2. Cyropexy
3. Scleral buckling
4. Vitrectomy
5. Pneumatic retinopexy
Adults Exam I: Cataracts, Retinal Detachment, Age-Related
Macular Degeneration, Glaucoma, Seizures, Epilepsy, Tonic-
Clonic, Absence, Myoclonic, Atonic, Intracranial Pressure,
Cushing’s Triad, Traumatic Brain Injury, Coup-Contrecoup,
Epidural Hematoma, Subdural Hematoma, Intracerebral
Hemorrhage, Spinal Cord Injury, Tetraplegia, Paraplegia,
Autonomic Dysreflexia, Neurogenic Shock, Stroke, Ischemic,
Hemorrhagic, Transient Ischemic Attack, Thrombolytics,
Delirium, Hypoactive, Hyperactive, ICU Nursing Management,
Seizure Pharmacology, Surgical Interventions Exam Questions
Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales
Latest Updated 2026
What is the pathophysiology of Cataracts?
1. Most age-related (senile cataracts)
2. Trauma, maternal rubella, systemic corticosteroids
What are risk factors for cataracts?
1. Age
2. Diabetes, hypertension
3. Trauma
4. Medications: corticosteroids, diuretics
5. Congenital
6. Tobacco, alcohol
,What are signs and symptoms of cataracts?
1. blurred or hazy vision
2. decreased intensity of colors
3. increased sensitivity to glare from lights
4. increased difficulty seeing at night
5. change in eye's refractive error
What are non-surgical interventions for cataracts?
1. Temporary
2. Antioxidative treatments
3. Palliative measures: glasses, lights, drive during day
surgical interventions for cataracts?
replace/remove lens, phacoemulsification
Extracapsular cataract extraction procedure
Nursing interventions for cataracts
1. Health promotion: sunglasses, vitamin C and E, good nutrition
2. Giving family information on procedure
3. Decreasing room light after pupils dilated
Pre-op medications for cataract surgery
1. mydriatic (alpha adrenergic agonists) - produces pupillary dilation by contraction of the iris dilator
muscle
2. Anticholinergic agent
,3. NSAIDs
post-op considerations for cataract surgery
1. NSAIDs
2. Antibiotics
3. Avoid activities that increase IOP
4. Teach S&S of infection
What is phacoemulsification?
an ultrasonic vibration of the lens to break it into little pieces
what activities increase IOP?
head positioning, bending, coughing, valslva maneuver
What is retinal detachment?
separation of the sensory retina and the underlying pigment epithelium with fluid accumulation
between the two layers
Pathophysiology of retinal detachment?
most common cause is retinal breaks: interruption in the full thickness of the retinal tissue and they can
be classified as tears of holes
Once the retina has a break, liquid vitreous can enter the subretinal space between the sensory layer
and the retinal pigment epithelium layer
, Risk factors for retinal detachment
1. increasing age
2. severe myopia
3. Eye trauma
4. Cataract surgery
5. Family or personal history of retinal detachment
Clinical manifestations of retinal detachment
1. Photopsia (light flashes)
2. Floaters
3. Cobweb or hairnet or ring in field of vision
4. Painless loss of peripheral or central vision
5. Area of visual loss corresponds inversely to the area of detachment
Two objectives or treating a detached retina
1. Seal any retinal breaks
2. Relieve inward traction
surgical treatment options for retinal detachment
1. Laser photocoagulation
2. Cyropexy
3. Scleral buckling
4. Vitrectomy
5. Pneumatic retinopexy
