Med. Surg. 2 Endocrine, Metabolic, Reproductive, and Pharmacological
Assessment: Insulin Regulation, Glucose Homeostasis, Diabetes Mellitus Types 1
& 2, Ketoacidosis, Hypoglycemia, Hyperglycemia, Pituitary Hormones, Thyroid
Function, T3/T4, TSH Dysregulation, Adrenal Cortex Steroids, Glucocorticoids,
Mineralocorticoids, Addison’s Disease, Cushing’s Syndrome, Estrogen-Progestin
Contraceptives, Menopause, Testosterone Therapy, Infertility Management,
PDE5 Inhibitors, Bisphosphonates, Gastric Ulcers, Proton Pump Inhibitors, H2
Receptor Antagonists, Sucralfate, Antiemetics, Laxatives, Stool Softeners, and
Antiflatulents Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded
Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Rhinoplasty
Surgical reconstruction of the nose. Nasal tissue added or removed. Nose can be lengthened or
shortened. Implants can reshape the nose.
Sonic Rhinoplasty
Ultrasonic device aspirates bones gently to cosmetically refine the nose.
Pre-op for Rhinoplasty
Review home meds.
No ASA or NSAIDS for 5 days to 2 weeks prior to surgery.
Smoking cessation.
Post-op for Rhinoplasty
,Maintain airway.
Assess respiratory status.
Pain management.
Observe site for bleeding, infection, and increased edema.
Patient Education for Rhinoplasty
Activity restriction: No nose blowing, swimming, heavy lifting, strenuous activity. High fiber diet. Nasal
packing. External plastic splint.
Nasal Fracture
Airway obstruction, meningeal tears, cosmetic deformity.
Nursing Management of Nasal Fracture
Acetaminophen, nasal decongestants, saline sprays, humidifier.
Patient Education of Nasal Fracture
Avoid hot showers and alcohol, quit or decrease smoking. No heavy lifting, nose blowing, swimming,
heavy lifting, strenuous activity.
Treatment of Nasal Fracture
Realign fracture
Surgical options: Septoplasty and rhinoplasty.
,What is the "halo sign"?
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid draining from the nose, causing a circular type of bleeding.
What types of medications would a patient with a nasal fracture be prescribed?
Prophylactic antibiotics
What are some possible causes of epistaxis?
Trauma
Hypertension
Dry air, pressure changes
Stress
PTINR
Anterior epistaxis treatment
Pledget (nasal tampon)
Absorbable materials
- Oxidized cellulose
- Gelatin foam (Gelfoam)
- Silver nitrate to cauterize bleeding point.
Posterior epistaxis treatment
Requires packing
- Compressed nasal sponges (Merocel)
- Epistaxis balloons (Rapid Rhino)
, - If unsuccessful, arterial embolization may be needed.
What is PTINR?
"Clotting factor"
Prothrombin-time
Rhinitis
Inflammation of nasal mucosa, caused by infection or allergens.
Red, itchy, watery eyes. Sneezing, congestion, runny nose. Itchy or sore through, post-nasal drip, cough.
How is rhinitis managed?
Nasal corticosteroids (Flonase)
Antihistamines
Decongestants
Acute Viral Rhinopharyngitis
Infection of the upper respiratory tract. Associated with common cold virus and 200 other viruses.
Spreads by airborne droplets.
What are three common URIs that are considered acute viral rhinopharyngitis?
Coronavirus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Enterovirus
Assessment: Insulin Regulation, Glucose Homeostasis, Diabetes Mellitus Types 1
& 2, Ketoacidosis, Hypoglycemia, Hyperglycemia, Pituitary Hormones, Thyroid
Function, T3/T4, TSH Dysregulation, Adrenal Cortex Steroids, Glucocorticoids,
Mineralocorticoids, Addison’s Disease, Cushing’s Syndrome, Estrogen-Progestin
Contraceptives, Menopause, Testosterone Therapy, Infertility Management,
PDE5 Inhibitors, Bisphosphonates, Gastric Ulcers, Proton Pump Inhibitors, H2
Receptor Antagonists, Sucralfate, Antiemetics, Laxatives, Stool Softeners, and
Antiflatulents Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded
Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Rhinoplasty
Surgical reconstruction of the nose. Nasal tissue added or removed. Nose can be lengthened or
shortened. Implants can reshape the nose.
Sonic Rhinoplasty
Ultrasonic device aspirates bones gently to cosmetically refine the nose.
Pre-op for Rhinoplasty
Review home meds.
No ASA or NSAIDS for 5 days to 2 weeks prior to surgery.
Smoking cessation.
Post-op for Rhinoplasty
,Maintain airway.
Assess respiratory status.
Pain management.
Observe site for bleeding, infection, and increased edema.
Patient Education for Rhinoplasty
Activity restriction: No nose blowing, swimming, heavy lifting, strenuous activity. High fiber diet. Nasal
packing. External plastic splint.
Nasal Fracture
Airway obstruction, meningeal tears, cosmetic deformity.
Nursing Management of Nasal Fracture
Acetaminophen, nasal decongestants, saline sprays, humidifier.
Patient Education of Nasal Fracture
Avoid hot showers and alcohol, quit or decrease smoking. No heavy lifting, nose blowing, swimming,
heavy lifting, strenuous activity.
Treatment of Nasal Fracture
Realign fracture
Surgical options: Septoplasty and rhinoplasty.
,What is the "halo sign"?
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid draining from the nose, causing a circular type of bleeding.
What types of medications would a patient with a nasal fracture be prescribed?
Prophylactic antibiotics
What are some possible causes of epistaxis?
Trauma
Hypertension
Dry air, pressure changes
Stress
PTINR
Anterior epistaxis treatment
Pledget (nasal tampon)
Absorbable materials
- Oxidized cellulose
- Gelatin foam (Gelfoam)
- Silver nitrate to cauterize bleeding point.
Posterior epistaxis treatment
Requires packing
- Compressed nasal sponges (Merocel)
- Epistaxis balloons (Rapid Rhino)
, - If unsuccessful, arterial embolization may be needed.
What is PTINR?
"Clotting factor"
Prothrombin-time
Rhinitis
Inflammation of nasal mucosa, caused by infection or allergens.
Red, itchy, watery eyes. Sneezing, congestion, runny nose. Itchy or sore through, post-nasal drip, cough.
How is rhinitis managed?
Nasal corticosteroids (Flonase)
Antihistamines
Decongestants
Acute Viral Rhinopharyngitis
Infection of the upper respiratory tract. Associated with common cold virus and 200 other viruses.
Spreads by airborne droplets.
What are three common URIs that are considered acute viral rhinopharyngitis?
Coronavirus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Enterovirus
