Med. Surg. 2:Neuroanatomy, CNS and PNS Physiology, Spinal Cord, Brainstem,
Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Limbic System, Neurons,
Neurotransmitters, Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems, Action
Potential, Nerve Impulses, Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal Tracts, Upper and
Lower Motor Neurons, Cranial Nerves I-XII, Sensory and Motor Pathways,
Cerebrospinal Fluid, Intracranial Pressure, Cerebral Perfusion Pressure, Cerebral
Edema, Hydrocephalus, Lumbar Puncture, Glasgow Coma Scale, Posturing, Head
and Brain Injuries, Skull Fractures, Contusions, Concussions, Diffuse Axonal
Injury, Focal Brain Injury, Hematomas (Epidural, Subdural, Subarachnoid), Brain
Death Criteria, Brain Tumors (Primary and Secondary, Glioblastoma,
Meningioma), Neurosurgery (Craniotomy, Craniectomy, Cranioplasty,
Stereotactic Surgery), Meningitis, Diagnostic Studies (CT, MRI, PET, EEG, EMG,
Angiography), Post-Operative Neuro Care Exam Questions Verified and Provided
with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Spinal Cord
A column of nerves between the brain and peripheral nervous system.
Brain Stem
Connects the brain to the spinal cord.
Brain
Divided into three major parts;
- The hindbrain (lower part)
- The midbrain
- The forebrain
What are the three components of the central nervous system (CNS)?
,Spinal Cord
Brainstem
Brain
What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
The Autonomic Nervous System
The Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Regulates involuntary bodily processes, including heart rate, respiration, digestion, and pupil
contraction; operates automatically without conscious direction.
Somatic Nervous System
Carries sensory information from sensory organs to the CNS and relays motor (movement) commands to
muscles; controls voluntary movements.
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Prepares the body for action and stress. This is called "fight or flight".
,What are characteristics of the neurons?
Excitability: Generate an impulse.
Conductivity: Transmit the impulse.
Influence other neurons.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Calms the body and helps the body to conserve energy.
What is the function of the neurons?
Receive and conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another.
List the 3 parts of a neuron.
Cell body, dendrites, axon.
What is the difference between afferent and efferent?
Afferent is motor (toward the CNS), and efferent is sensory (efferent is exit the CNS).
What is an action potential?
Electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters
What are nerve impulses?
Initiate, receive, and process messages.
Synapse between neurons for the impulse to travel.
, Need an action potential.
Neurotransmitters affect the transmission of impulses across the...
synaptic cleft.
Sensory pathways carry _________ impulses to the brain.
sensory
Motor or descending pathways carry ___________ impulses from the brain.
motor
Pyramidal Tract
Voluntary movement.
Extrapyramidal Tract
Coordination, accuracy, and smoothness of muscle movements.
What does damage to upper motor neurons result in?
Damage to upper motor neurons will result in spasticity and hyperactive reflexes.
**Originate in the cerebral cortex and move downward.
Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Limbic System, Neurons,
Neurotransmitters, Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems, Action
Potential, Nerve Impulses, Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal Tracts, Upper and
Lower Motor Neurons, Cranial Nerves I-XII, Sensory and Motor Pathways,
Cerebrospinal Fluid, Intracranial Pressure, Cerebral Perfusion Pressure, Cerebral
Edema, Hydrocephalus, Lumbar Puncture, Glasgow Coma Scale, Posturing, Head
and Brain Injuries, Skull Fractures, Contusions, Concussions, Diffuse Axonal
Injury, Focal Brain Injury, Hematomas (Epidural, Subdural, Subarachnoid), Brain
Death Criteria, Brain Tumors (Primary and Secondary, Glioblastoma,
Meningioma), Neurosurgery (Craniotomy, Craniectomy, Cranioplasty,
Stereotactic Surgery), Meningitis, Diagnostic Studies (CT, MRI, PET, EEG, EMG,
Angiography), Post-Operative Neuro Care Exam Questions Verified and Provided
with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Spinal Cord
A column of nerves between the brain and peripheral nervous system.
Brain Stem
Connects the brain to the spinal cord.
Brain
Divided into three major parts;
- The hindbrain (lower part)
- The midbrain
- The forebrain
What are the three components of the central nervous system (CNS)?
,Spinal Cord
Brainstem
Brain
What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
The Autonomic Nervous System
The Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Regulates involuntary bodily processes, including heart rate, respiration, digestion, and pupil
contraction; operates automatically without conscious direction.
Somatic Nervous System
Carries sensory information from sensory organs to the CNS and relays motor (movement) commands to
muscles; controls voluntary movements.
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Prepares the body for action and stress. This is called "fight or flight".
,What are characteristics of the neurons?
Excitability: Generate an impulse.
Conductivity: Transmit the impulse.
Influence other neurons.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Calms the body and helps the body to conserve energy.
What is the function of the neurons?
Receive and conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another.
List the 3 parts of a neuron.
Cell body, dendrites, axon.
What is the difference between afferent and efferent?
Afferent is motor (toward the CNS), and efferent is sensory (efferent is exit the CNS).
What is an action potential?
Electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters
What are nerve impulses?
Initiate, receive, and process messages.
Synapse between neurons for the impulse to travel.
, Need an action potential.
Neurotransmitters affect the transmission of impulses across the...
synaptic cleft.
Sensory pathways carry _________ impulses to the brain.
sensory
Motor or descending pathways carry ___________ impulses from the brain.
motor
Pyramidal Tract
Voluntary movement.
Extrapyramidal Tract
Coordination, accuracy, and smoothness of muscle movements.
What does damage to upper motor neurons result in?
Damage to upper motor neurons will result in spasticity and hyperactive reflexes.
**Originate in the cerebral cortex and move downward.
