NURSING 242 MIDTERM REVIEW | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
2026 UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
What are the different types of dosage forms? Answer - ~ Enteral
~ Parenteral
~ Topical
What is Enteral route? Answer - GI Tract, such as tablets, capsules, oral soluble
wafers, pills, timed-released capsules, timed-released tablets, elixirs,
suspensions, syrups, etc...
What is Parenteral route? Answer - Any route other than the GI tract, such as
injectable forms, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and powders for
reconstitution
What is topical route? Answer - On a body surface, such as, aerosols,
ointments, creams, pastes, powders, solutions, etc...
Pharmacokinetics Answer - The study of what the body is doing to the drug
~Absorption
~Distribution
~Metabolism
~Excretion
,Absorption Answer - The movement of a drug from its site of administration
into the bloodstream for distribution to the tissues
Bioavailability Answer - The extent of drug absorption
Distribution Answer - The transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of
action
Metabolism Answer - The biochemical alteration of a drug into an active
metabolite
Excretion Answer - The elimination of drugs from the body (kidney, liver,
bowel)
Half-Life Answer - Time required for half (50%) of a given drug to be removed
from the body
After approximately ___ half-lives, most drugs are considered to be effectively
removed from the body Answer - 5
What is Steady State? Answer - Physiologic state in which the amount of drug
removed via elimination is equal to amount of drug absorbed with each dose.
Important considerations for Older Adult Patients: Answer - ~ Decline in organ
function occurs with advancing age
~ High use of medications
~ Noncompliance, nonadherence
~ Increased incidence of chronic illnesses, patients see multiple specialists
, ~ Drug therapy in older adults is most likely to result in adverse effects and
toxicity
Near Miss Answer - ~ Event or situation that did not produce patient injury,
but only because of chance
~ MUST still be reported so that safety issues can be addressed and future
incidents are prevented
What is the action of a Beta Blocker? Answer - ~ In therapeutic doses, blocks
Beta 1 receptors (located primarily in the heart)
~ In higher dose non-cardioselective, may block Beta 2 receptors (located
primarily on smooth muscle of bronchioles and blood vessels)
Uses of Beta Blockers... Answer - management of HTN, angina, MI, HF, tachy-
dysrhythmias, anxiety, migraines
Examples of Cardioselective Beta Blockers... Answer - ~ Atenolol
~ Metoprolol
Examples of Non-Cardioselective Beta Blockers... Answer - ~ Propranolol
~ Carvedilol
~ Sotalol
~ Timolol
Beta Blockers routes of administration? Answer - PO or IV
Beta Blocker Side Effects: Answer - ~ Hypotension
~ Bradycardia
2026 UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
What are the different types of dosage forms? Answer - ~ Enteral
~ Parenteral
~ Topical
What is Enteral route? Answer - GI Tract, such as tablets, capsules, oral soluble
wafers, pills, timed-released capsules, timed-released tablets, elixirs,
suspensions, syrups, etc...
What is Parenteral route? Answer - Any route other than the GI tract, such as
injectable forms, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and powders for
reconstitution
What is topical route? Answer - On a body surface, such as, aerosols,
ointments, creams, pastes, powders, solutions, etc...
Pharmacokinetics Answer - The study of what the body is doing to the drug
~Absorption
~Distribution
~Metabolism
~Excretion
,Absorption Answer - The movement of a drug from its site of administration
into the bloodstream for distribution to the tissues
Bioavailability Answer - The extent of drug absorption
Distribution Answer - The transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of
action
Metabolism Answer - The biochemical alteration of a drug into an active
metabolite
Excretion Answer - The elimination of drugs from the body (kidney, liver,
bowel)
Half-Life Answer - Time required for half (50%) of a given drug to be removed
from the body
After approximately ___ half-lives, most drugs are considered to be effectively
removed from the body Answer - 5
What is Steady State? Answer - Physiologic state in which the amount of drug
removed via elimination is equal to amount of drug absorbed with each dose.
Important considerations for Older Adult Patients: Answer - ~ Decline in organ
function occurs with advancing age
~ High use of medications
~ Noncompliance, nonadherence
~ Increased incidence of chronic illnesses, patients see multiple specialists
, ~ Drug therapy in older adults is most likely to result in adverse effects and
toxicity
Near Miss Answer - ~ Event or situation that did not produce patient injury,
but only because of chance
~ MUST still be reported so that safety issues can be addressed and future
incidents are prevented
What is the action of a Beta Blocker? Answer - ~ In therapeutic doses, blocks
Beta 1 receptors (located primarily in the heart)
~ In higher dose non-cardioselective, may block Beta 2 receptors (located
primarily on smooth muscle of bronchioles and blood vessels)
Uses of Beta Blockers... Answer - management of HTN, angina, MI, HF, tachy-
dysrhythmias, anxiety, migraines
Examples of Cardioselective Beta Blockers... Answer - ~ Atenolol
~ Metoprolol
Examples of Non-Cardioselective Beta Blockers... Answer - ~ Propranolol
~ Carvedilol
~ Sotalol
~ Timolol
Beta Blockers routes of administration? Answer - PO or IV
Beta Blocker Side Effects: Answer - ~ Hypotension
~ Bradycardia
