lOMoAR cPSD| 61371432
NURS 644 Final Exam Cram Sheet: Pathophysiology & Genetics Insights |
Verified study | Complete study Solutions | Spring 2026 | A+ Graded |
Franklin University
Exam #1 Printable Cram Sheet (FNP / APEA Style)
CHAPTER 1 — CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Neurotransmitter Release
• Synthesized → packaged in synaptic vesicles
• Action potential → Ca²⁺ influx → vesicle fusion → exocytosis
• SNARE proteins = vesicle docking
• Termination: reuptake, degradation, diffusion
DNA Inheritance
• Mitochondrial DNA = maternal only
• Autosomal genes = both parents
• X-linked disorders more severe in males
Antioxidants
• Neutralize free radicals (ROS)
• Prevent DNA, lipid, protein damage
• Examples: Vit C, Vit E, glutathione
Low Serum Albumin
• ↓ oncotic pressure
• Fluid shifts to interstitial space → edema
• Seen in liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition
, lOMoAR cPSD| 61371432
CHAPTER 11 — GENETICS & DISEASE
Key Definitions
• Homozygous = identical alleles
• Heterozygous = different alleles
BRCA1 / BRCA2
Tumor suppressor genes
• ↑ breast & ovarian cancer
• Autosomal dominant
Precancerous Findings
• Dysplasia = abnormal cell growth
• Can progress → carcinoma in situ
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Autosomal recessive
• Defect: phenylalanine hydroxylase
• Untreated → intellectual disability
• Tx: low-phenylalanine diet
Variable Expressivity
• Same gene → different severity
• Example: neurofibromatosis
Inheritance Patterns
• Turner syndrome: 45,X (monosomy X)
• Fragile X: X-linked dominant (trinucleotide repeat)
CHAPTER 12 — CANCER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Benign vs Malignant
NURS 644 Final Exam Cram Sheet: Pathophysiology & Genetics Insights |
Verified study | Complete study Solutions | Spring 2026 | A+ Graded |
Franklin University
Exam #1 Printable Cram Sheet (FNP / APEA Style)
CHAPTER 1 — CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Neurotransmitter Release
• Synthesized → packaged in synaptic vesicles
• Action potential → Ca²⁺ influx → vesicle fusion → exocytosis
• SNARE proteins = vesicle docking
• Termination: reuptake, degradation, diffusion
DNA Inheritance
• Mitochondrial DNA = maternal only
• Autosomal genes = both parents
• X-linked disorders more severe in males
Antioxidants
• Neutralize free radicals (ROS)
• Prevent DNA, lipid, protein damage
• Examples: Vit C, Vit E, glutathione
Low Serum Albumin
• ↓ oncotic pressure
• Fluid shifts to interstitial space → edema
• Seen in liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition
, lOMoAR cPSD| 61371432
CHAPTER 11 — GENETICS & DISEASE
Key Definitions
• Homozygous = identical alleles
• Heterozygous = different alleles
BRCA1 / BRCA2
Tumor suppressor genes
• ↑ breast & ovarian cancer
• Autosomal dominant
Precancerous Findings
• Dysplasia = abnormal cell growth
• Can progress → carcinoma in situ
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Autosomal recessive
• Defect: phenylalanine hydroxylase
• Untreated → intellectual disability
• Tx: low-phenylalanine diet
Variable Expressivity
• Same gene → different severity
• Example: neurofibromatosis
Inheritance Patterns
• Turner syndrome: 45,X (monosomy X)
• Fragile X: X-linked dominant (trinucleotide repeat)
CHAPTER 12 — CANCER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Benign vs Malignant
