NSG 5140 Midterm Exam Review Adv
Pathophysiology South College NSG
5140 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Questions and Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed | Graded A+ | 2026
1. Which of the following is the most common cause of acute
inflammation?
a) Autoimmune disease
b) Infection
c) Cancer
d) Genetic mutation
Answer: b) Infection
Rationale: Acute inflammation is most commonly triggered by
infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, which activate the
innate immune response.
, 2. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance primarily occurs in
which tissue?
a) Liver
b) Skeletal muscle
c) Adipose tissue
d) Pancreatic beta cells
Answer: b) Skeletal muscle
Rationale: Skeletal muscle is the primary site of insulin-mediated
glucose uptake. In type 2 diabetes, these cells become resistant to
insulin, leading to hyperglycemia.
3. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell
size?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Atrophy
c) Hypertrophy
d) Metaplasia
Answer: c) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy refers to the enlargement of existing cells,
which increases the size of the tissue or organ, commonly seen in
cardiac or skeletal muscle.
, 4. A patient presents with dyspnea and bilateral pulmonary crackles.
Which type of pulmonary edema is most likely?
a) Cardiogenic
b) Non-cardiogenic
c) Hypostatic
d) Obstructive
Answer: a) Cardiogenic
Rationale: Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by increased
hydrostatic pressure due to left-sided heart failure, leading to fluid
accumulation in alveoli.
5. What is the hallmark laboratory finding in iron deficiency anemia?
a) Macrocytosis
b) Hypochromia and microcytosis
c) Hypersegmented neutrophils
d) Elevated ferritin
Answer: b) Hypochromia and microcytosis
Rationale: Iron deficiency leads to small (microcytic), pale
(hypochromic) red blood cells due to insufficient hemoglobin synthesis.
6. Which neurotransmitter is primarily deficient in Parkinson’s
disease?
a) Acetylcholine
, b) Dopamine
c) Serotonin
d) GABA
Answer: b) Dopamine
Rationale: Parkinson’s disease involves degeneration of dopaminergic
neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor symptoms such as
tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia.
7. In a patient with chronic kidney disease, which electrolyte
imbalance is most common?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Hypernatremia
d) Hypocalcemia
Answer: a) Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Impaired renal excretion of potassium in CKD often leads to
elevated serum potassium, which can precipitate cardiac arrhythmias.
8. Which type of shock is caused by massive vasodilation due to a
severe allergic reaction?
a) Hypovolemic
b) Cardiogenic
Pathophysiology South College NSG
5140 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Questions and Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed | Graded A+ | 2026
1. Which of the following is the most common cause of acute
inflammation?
a) Autoimmune disease
b) Infection
c) Cancer
d) Genetic mutation
Answer: b) Infection
Rationale: Acute inflammation is most commonly triggered by
infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, which activate the
innate immune response.
, 2. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance primarily occurs in
which tissue?
a) Liver
b) Skeletal muscle
c) Adipose tissue
d) Pancreatic beta cells
Answer: b) Skeletal muscle
Rationale: Skeletal muscle is the primary site of insulin-mediated
glucose uptake. In type 2 diabetes, these cells become resistant to
insulin, leading to hyperglycemia.
3. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell
size?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Atrophy
c) Hypertrophy
d) Metaplasia
Answer: c) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy refers to the enlargement of existing cells,
which increases the size of the tissue or organ, commonly seen in
cardiac or skeletal muscle.
, 4. A patient presents with dyspnea and bilateral pulmonary crackles.
Which type of pulmonary edema is most likely?
a) Cardiogenic
b) Non-cardiogenic
c) Hypostatic
d) Obstructive
Answer: a) Cardiogenic
Rationale: Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by increased
hydrostatic pressure due to left-sided heart failure, leading to fluid
accumulation in alveoli.
5. What is the hallmark laboratory finding in iron deficiency anemia?
a) Macrocytosis
b) Hypochromia and microcytosis
c) Hypersegmented neutrophils
d) Elevated ferritin
Answer: b) Hypochromia and microcytosis
Rationale: Iron deficiency leads to small (microcytic), pale
(hypochromic) red blood cells due to insufficient hemoglobin synthesis.
6. Which neurotransmitter is primarily deficient in Parkinson’s
disease?
a) Acetylcholine
, b) Dopamine
c) Serotonin
d) GABA
Answer: b) Dopamine
Rationale: Parkinson’s disease involves degeneration of dopaminergic
neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor symptoms such as
tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia.
7. In a patient with chronic kidney disease, which electrolyte
imbalance is most common?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Hypernatremia
d) Hypocalcemia
Answer: a) Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Impaired renal excretion of potassium in CKD often leads to
elevated serum potassium, which can precipitate cardiac arrhythmias.
8. Which type of shock is caused by massive vasodilation due to a
severe allergic reaction?
a) Hypovolemic
b) Cardiogenic
