NSG 5140 Midterm and Final Exam Review
Adv Pathophysiology South College NSG
5140 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Questions and Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed | Graded A+
1. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Type
1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Excessive hepatic glucose production
D. Impaired glucose absorption in the intestine
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Rationale: Type 1 Diabetes is primarily caused by autoimmune-
mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas,
leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Insulin resistance (A) is
characteristic of Type 2 Diabetes.
, 2. In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which mechanism
is primarily responsible for impaired gas exchange?
A. Pulmonary embolism
B. Alveolar-capillary membrane damage
C. Bronchial constriction
D. Pleural effusion
B. Alveolar-capillary membrane damage
Rationale: ARDS involves diffuse injury to the alveolar-capillary
membrane, causing increased permeability, pulmonary edema, and
impaired oxygenation. Bronchial constriction (C) is more typical in
asthma.
3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with
chronic kidney disease?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyperkalemia
Rationale: In chronic kidney disease, impaired renal excretion of
,potassium leads to hyperkalemia. Hypocalcemia may occur due to
altered vitamin D metabolism, but potassium imbalance is more
clinically urgent.
4. The hallmark of nephrotic syndrome includes all of the following
except:
A. Proteinuria
B. Hypoalbuminemia
C. Edema
D. Hematuria
D. Hematuria
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria,
hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and generalized edema.
Hematuria is more characteristic of nephritic syndrome.
5. In myocardial infarction, the initial cellular change in the affected
myocardium is:
A. Fibrosis
B. Necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Cellular hypoxia
, D. Cellular hypoxia
Rationale: The earliest pathophysiologic event in MI is cellular hypoxia
due to ischemia. Coagulative necrosis (C) occurs later as irreversible
injury progresses.
6. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of
atherosclerosis?
A. Immune-mediated destruction of endothelium
B. Lipid accumulation and chronic inflammation in arterial walls
C. Hypercoagulability leading to arterial thrombosis
D. Vasospasm of coronary arteries
B. Lipid accumulation and chronic inflammation in arterial walls
Rationale: Atherosclerosis involves deposition of lipids in the intima,
chronic inflammation, and formation of plaques, leading to vessel
narrowing and ischemia.
7. What is the primary cause of hyperthyroidism in Graves’ disease?
A. Iodine deficiency
B. Autoantibodies stimulating TSH receptors
C. Pituitary adenoma secreting TSH
D. Thyroid gland inflammation
Adv Pathophysiology South College NSG
5140 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Questions and Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed | Graded A+
1. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Type
1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Excessive hepatic glucose production
D. Impaired glucose absorption in the intestine
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Rationale: Type 1 Diabetes is primarily caused by autoimmune-
mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas,
leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Insulin resistance (A) is
characteristic of Type 2 Diabetes.
, 2. In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which mechanism
is primarily responsible for impaired gas exchange?
A. Pulmonary embolism
B. Alveolar-capillary membrane damage
C. Bronchial constriction
D. Pleural effusion
B. Alveolar-capillary membrane damage
Rationale: ARDS involves diffuse injury to the alveolar-capillary
membrane, causing increased permeability, pulmonary edema, and
impaired oxygenation. Bronchial constriction (C) is more typical in
asthma.
3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with
chronic kidney disease?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyperkalemia
Rationale: In chronic kidney disease, impaired renal excretion of
,potassium leads to hyperkalemia. Hypocalcemia may occur due to
altered vitamin D metabolism, but potassium imbalance is more
clinically urgent.
4. The hallmark of nephrotic syndrome includes all of the following
except:
A. Proteinuria
B. Hypoalbuminemia
C. Edema
D. Hematuria
D. Hematuria
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria,
hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and generalized edema.
Hematuria is more characteristic of nephritic syndrome.
5. In myocardial infarction, the initial cellular change in the affected
myocardium is:
A. Fibrosis
B. Necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Cellular hypoxia
, D. Cellular hypoxia
Rationale: The earliest pathophysiologic event in MI is cellular hypoxia
due to ischemia. Coagulative necrosis (C) occurs later as irreversible
injury progresses.
6. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of
atherosclerosis?
A. Immune-mediated destruction of endothelium
B. Lipid accumulation and chronic inflammation in arterial walls
C. Hypercoagulability leading to arterial thrombosis
D. Vasospasm of coronary arteries
B. Lipid accumulation and chronic inflammation in arterial walls
Rationale: Atherosclerosis involves deposition of lipids in the intima,
chronic inflammation, and formation of plaques, leading to vessel
narrowing and ischemia.
7. What is the primary cause of hyperthyroidism in Graves’ disease?
A. Iodine deficiency
B. Autoantibodies stimulating TSH receptors
C. Pituitary adenoma secreting TSH
D. Thyroid gland inflammation
