NURS 8022 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 5 FINAL PREP GUIDE 2026 BUNDLED
SOLUTION PACKAGE
◉ Primary site of hematopoietic stem cells. Answer: Bone marrow
("myeloid tissue")
◉ Difference between red and yellow bone marrow. Answer: Red
marrow produces RBCs, yellow marrow does not produce RBCs
◉ Active bone marrow sites. Answer: pelvic bones
vertebrae
cranium
mandible
sternum
ribs
humerus
femur
◉ Factors that increase hematopoiesis. Answer: (1) conversion of yellow
bone marrow, which does not produce blood cells, to hematopoietic red
marrow by the actions of erythropoietin (a hormone that stimulates
erythrocyte production)
(2) faster differentiation of progenitor cells
,(3) faster proliferation of stem cells into progenitor cells
◉ Erythropoiesis. Answer: production of RBCs
◉ Sequence of erythropoiesis. Answer: Pluripotent hematopoietic stem
cell --> committed Proerythroblast/Pronormoblast -->
Erythroblast/Normoblast (Hgb synthesis begins) --> Reticulocyte
(nucleus is lost; 3 days spent in bone marrow, about 1 day in blood) -->
Erythrocyte
** aprox. 1% of RBCs are reticulocytes **
In each step the quantity of hemoglobin increases and the nucleus
decreases in size
◉ Erythropoietin. Answer: A hormone produced and released by the
kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone
marrow
Always present in plasma
Released in response to low renal oxygenation
- NOT the # of RBCs but rather oxygen delivery
,- e RBC production increases within 24 hours; life span 4-12 hours;
increased RBC # in 5 days
- Given to dialysis and chemo patients
◉ Reticulocytes. Answer: ▪ Last immature form of erythroblast
▪ Contains polyribosomes (globin synthesis) and mitochondria (heme
synthesis)
▪ 24-48 hours after leaving bone marrow for circulation, matures into
erythrocyte
- Loses polyribosomes and mitochondria
-Make up 1-2% of RBCs
- Last about 2 days in bone marrow and 1 day in blood continuing to
mature
- During time of low HCT time in marrow decreased to as little as 1 day
▪ Reticulocyte count -- Indicates whether new RBCs are being produced;
good indicator of erythropoiesis
◉ Renal oxygenation negative feedback loop. Answer:
◉ Hemoglobin and its structure. Answer: Oxygen-carrying protein of
the erythrocyte --> may carry up to 300 hgb molecules
, Reversible deformity to be abvle to squeeze through the tiniest of
capillaries
Each Hgb molecule has 2 pairs of different globin chains and 4
complexes of iron + heme
▪ Heme: large, flat, iron-protoporphyrin disk that is synthesized in the
mitochondria and can carry one molecule of oxygen
▪ Each Hgb can carry 4 molecules of oxygen
◉ Heme vs Globin. Answer: Heme: Synthesized in mitochondria of
reticulocyte
- Carries Oxygen
Globin: Polyribosomes in reticulocytes
- 2 pairs of globin chains on each Hgb molecule
- Combo of pair determines type of globin chain
▪ Most common hgb A: 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains - hgb F (fetal):
2 alpha, 2 gamma
◉ Red blood cell structure. Answer: Sac of Hgb, no nucleus or
mitochondria, only hemoglobin & enzymes surrounded by membrane
EXAM 5 FINAL PREP GUIDE 2026 BUNDLED
SOLUTION PACKAGE
◉ Primary site of hematopoietic stem cells. Answer: Bone marrow
("myeloid tissue")
◉ Difference between red and yellow bone marrow. Answer: Red
marrow produces RBCs, yellow marrow does not produce RBCs
◉ Active bone marrow sites. Answer: pelvic bones
vertebrae
cranium
mandible
sternum
ribs
humerus
femur
◉ Factors that increase hematopoiesis. Answer: (1) conversion of yellow
bone marrow, which does not produce blood cells, to hematopoietic red
marrow by the actions of erythropoietin (a hormone that stimulates
erythrocyte production)
(2) faster differentiation of progenitor cells
,(3) faster proliferation of stem cells into progenitor cells
◉ Erythropoiesis. Answer: production of RBCs
◉ Sequence of erythropoiesis. Answer: Pluripotent hematopoietic stem
cell --> committed Proerythroblast/Pronormoblast -->
Erythroblast/Normoblast (Hgb synthesis begins) --> Reticulocyte
(nucleus is lost; 3 days spent in bone marrow, about 1 day in blood) -->
Erythrocyte
** aprox. 1% of RBCs are reticulocytes **
In each step the quantity of hemoglobin increases and the nucleus
decreases in size
◉ Erythropoietin. Answer: A hormone produced and released by the
kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone
marrow
Always present in plasma
Released in response to low renal oxygenation
- NOT the # of RBCs but rather oxygen delivery
,- e RBC production increases within 24 hours; life span 4-12 hours;
increased RBC # in 5 days
- Given to dialysis and chemo patients
◉ Reticulocytes. Answer: ▪ Last immature form of erythroblast
▪ Contains polyribosomes (globin synthesis) and mitochondria (heme
synthesis)
▪ 24-48 hours after leaving bone marrow for circulation, matures into
erythrocyte
- Loses polyribosomes and mitochondria
-Make up 1-2% of RBCs
- Last about 2 days in bone marrow and 1 day in blood continuing to
mature
- During time of low HCT time in marrow decreased to as little as 1 day
▪ Reticulocyte count -- Indicates whether new RBCs are being produced;
good indicator of erythropoiesis
◉ Renal oxygenation negative feedback loop. Answer:
◉ Hemoglobin and its structure. Answer: Oxygen-carrying protein of
the erythrocyte --> may carry up to 300 hgb molecules
, Reversible deformity to be abvle to squeeze through the tiniest of
capillaries
Each Hgb molecule has 2 pairs of different globin chains and 4
complexes of iron + heme
▪ Heme: large, flat, iron-protoporphyrin disk that is synthesized in the
mitochondria and can carry one molecule of oxygen
▪ Each Hgb can carry 4 molecules of oxygen
◉ Heme vs Globin. Answer: Heme: Synthesized in mitochondria of
reticulocyte
- Carries Oxygen
Globin: Polyribosomes in reticulocytes
- 2 pairs of globin chains on each Hgb molecule
- Combo of pair determines type of globin chain
▪ Most common hgb A: 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains - hgb F (fetal):
2 alpha, 2 gamma
◉ Red blood cell structure. Answer: Sac of Hgb, no nucleus or
mitochondria, only hemoglobin & enzymes surrounded by membrane
