RNSG 1341 - Final Exam - Key Points With
Complete Solutions
ventilation., - is the movement of gases in and out of the lungs - ANSWER diffusion., - is
the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the red blood cells
perfusion., - is the distribution of red blood cells to and from the pulmonary capillaries -
ANSWER .
Assess ventilation by determining respiratory rate, depth, rhythm and end-tidal carbon
dioxide (ETCO2) value. - ANSWER Assess diffusion and perfusion by determining oxygen
saturation.
The most important factor in the control of ventilation is the level of carbon dioxide
(CO2) in the arterial blood. - ANSWER An elevation in the carbon dioxide (CO2) level
causes the respiratory control system in the brain to increase the rate and depth of
breathing.
hypoxemia., - is Arterial blood oxygen level less than 60 (mmHg)., - it is a low oxygen
level in the blood. - ANSWER Hypoxemia helps to control ventilation in patients with
chronic lung disease.
Breathing is generally a passive process. - ANSWER .
Inspiration is an active process, stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta. -
ANSWER Expiration is a passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of
the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work.
eupnea., - is Normal respirations that are quiet, effortless, and rhythmical. - ANSWER .
Exercise increases rate and depth to meet the need of the body for additional oxygen
,and to rid the body of carbon dioxide (CO2). - ANSWER Anxiety., - Anxiety increases
respiration rate and depth as a result of sympathetic stimulation.
Acute Pain., - Pain alters rate and rhythm of respirations; breathing becomes shallow. -
ANSWER the Patient inhibits or splints chest wall movement when pain is in area of
chest or abdomen.
Smoking., - Chronic smoking changes pulmonary airways, resulting in increased rate of
respirations at rest when not smoking. - ANSWER Neurological Injury., - Injury to
brainstem impairs respiratory center and inhibits respiratory rate and rhythm.
Body Position., - A straight, erect posture promotes full chest expansion. - ANSWER A
stooped or slumped position impairs ventilatory movement.
Lying flat prevents full chest expansion. - ANSWER .
Medications., - Opioid analgesics, general anesthetics, and sedative hypnotics depress
rate and depth. - ANSWER Amphetamines and cocaine sometimes increase rate and
depth.
Bronchodilators slow rate by causing airway dilation. - ANSWER .
Hemoglobin Function., - Decreased hemoglobin levels (anemia) reduce oxygen-carrying
capacity of the blood, which increases respiratory rate. - ANSWER Increased altitude
lowers amount of saturated hemoglobin, which increases respiratory rate and depth.
Abnormal blood cell function (e.g., sickle cell disease) reduces ability of hemoglobin to
carry oxygen, which increases respiratory rate and depth. - ANSWER .
Capnography., - is the measurement of exhaled carbon dioxide throughout exhalation. -
ANSWER .
,A respiratory rate above 27 breaths per minute is an important risk factor for cardiac
arrest - ANSWER .
Bradypnea., - the Rate of breathing is regular but abnormally slow., - less than 12
breaths per minute - ANSWER Tachypnea., - the Rate of breathing is regular but
abnormally rapid., - greater than 20 breaths per minute
Hyperpnea., - the Respirations are labored, increased in depth, and increased in rate., -
greater than 20 breaths per minute - ANSWER Hyperpnea normally occurs during
exercise
Apnea., - the Respirations cease for several seconds. - ANSWER Persistent cessation
results in respiratory arrest.
Hyperventilation., - the Rate and depth of respirations increase. - ANSWER Hypocarbia
sometimes occurs.
Hypoventilation., - the Respiratory rate is abnormally low, and depth of ventilation is
depressed. - ANSWER Hypercarbia sometimes occurs.
Cheyne-Stokes respiration., - the Respiratory rate & depth are irregular, characterized
by alternating periods of apnea & hyperventilation. - ANSWER Respiratory cycle begins
with slow, shallow breaths that gradually increase to abnormal rate & depth. The
pattern reverses; breathing slows & becomes shallow, concluding as apnea before
respiration resumes.
Kussmaul's respiration., - the Respirations are abnormally deep, regular, and increased
in rate. - ANSWER Biot's respiration., - the Respirations are abnormally shallow for 2 to 3
breaths, followed by irregular period of apnea.
Respiratory assessment includes determining the effectiveness of ventilation,
perfusion, and diffusion. - ANSWER Assessment of respiration involves observing
ventilatory movements through the respiratory cycle.
, Variables affecting ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion influence oxygen saturation. -
ANSWER .
There are three steps in the process of oxygenation: ventilation, perfusion, and
diffusion. - ANSWER .
Surfactant., - is a chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the
alveoli and keep them from collapsing. - ANSWER Atelectasis., - is a collapse of the
alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Compliance is the ability of the lungs to distend or expand in response to increased
intra-alveolar pressure. - ANSWER .
Airway resistance., - is the increase in pressure that occurs as the diameter of the
airways decreases from mouth and/or nose to alveoli. - ANSWER When airway
resistance increases, the amount of oxygen delivered to the alveoli decreases.
Tidal volume., - is the amount of air exhaled following a normal inspiration. - ANSWER
Residual volume., - is the amount of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration.
Forced vital capacity., - is the maximum amount of air that can be removed from the
lungs during forced expiration - ANSWER .
The primary function of pulmonary circulation is to move blood to and from the alveolar
capillary membrane for gas exchange. - ANSWER .
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary circulation. -
ANSWER The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the systemic circulation.
The volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during systole is the stroke volume. -
ANSWER Hemorrhage and dehydration cause a decrease in circulating blood volume
Complete Solutions
ventilation., - is the movement of gases in and out of the lungs - ANSWER diffusion., - is
the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the red blood cells
perfusion., - is the distribution of red blood cells to and from the pulmonary capillaries -
ANSWER .
Assess ventilation by determining respiratory rate, depth, rhythm and end-tidal carbon
dioxide (ETCO2) value. - ANSWER Assess diffusion and perfusion by determining oxygen
saturation.
The most important factor in the control of ventilation is the level of carbon dioxide
(CO2) in the arterial blood. - ANSWER An elevation in the carbon dioxide (CO2) level
causes the respiratory control system in the brain to increase the rate and depth of
breathing.
hypoxemia., - is Arterial blood oxygen level less than 60 (mmHg)., - it is a low oxygen
level in the blood. - ANSWER Hypoxemia helps to control ventilation in patients with
chronic lung disease.
Breathing is generally a passive process. - ANSWER .
Inspiration is an active process, stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta. -
ANSWER Expiration is a passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of
the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work.
eupnea., - is Normal respirations that are quiet, effortless, and rhythmical. - ANSWER .
Exercise increases rate and depth to meet the need of the body for additional oxygen
,and to rid the body of carbon dioxide (CO2). - ANSWER Anxiety., - Anxiety increases
respiration rate and depth as a result of sympathetic stimulation.
Acute Pain., - Pain alters rate and rhythm of respirations; breathing becomes shallow. -
ANSWER the Patient inhibits or splints chest wall movement when pain is in area of
chest or abdomen.
Smoking., - Chronic smoking changes pulmonary airways, resulting in increased rate of
respirations at rest when not smoking. - ANSWER Neurological Injury., - Injury to
brainstem impairs respiratory center and inhibits respiratory rate and rhythm.
Body Position., - A straight, erect posture promotes full chest expansion. - ANSWER A
stooped or slumped position impairs ventilatory movement.
Lying flat prevents full chest expansion. - ANSWER .
Medications., - Opioid analgesics, general anesthetics, and sedative hypnotics depress
rate and depth. - ANSWER Amphetamines and cocaine sometimes increase rate and
depth.
Bronchodilators slow rate by causing airway dilation. - ANSWER .
Hemoglobin Function., - Decreased hemoglobin levels (anemia) reduce oxygen-carrying
capacity of the blood, which increases respiratory rate. - ANSWER Increased altitude
lowers amount of saturated hemoglobin, which increases respiratory rate and depth.
Abnormal blood cell function (e.g., sickle cell disease) reduces ability of hemoglobin to
carry oxygen, which increases respiratory rate and depth. - ANSWER .
Capnography., - is the measurement of exhaled carbon dioxide throughout exhalation. -
ANSWER .
,A respiratory rate above 27 breaths per minute is an important risk factor for cardiac
arrest - ANSWER .
Bradypnea., - the Rate of breathing is regular but abnormally slow., - less than 12
breaths per minute - ANSWER Tachypnea., - the Rate of breathing is regular but
abnormally rapid., - greater than 20 breaths per minute
Hyperpnea., - the Respirations are labored, increased in depth, and increased in rate., -
greater than 20 breaths per minute - ANSWER Hyperpnea normally occurs during
exercise
Apnea., - the Respirations cease for several seconds. - ANSWER Persistent cessation
results in respiratory arrest.
Hyperventilation., - the Rate and depth of respirations increase. - ANSWER Hypocarbia
sometimes occurs.
Hypoventilation., - the Respiratory rate is abnormally low, and depth of ventilation is
depressed. - ANSWER Hypercarbia sometimes occurs.
Cheyne-Stokes respiration., - the Respiratory rate & depth are irregular, characterized
by alternating periods of apnea & hyperventilation. - ANSWER Respiratory cycle begins
with slow, shallow breaths that gradually increase to abnormal rate & depth. The
pattern reverses; breathing slows & becomes shallow, concluding as apnea before
respiration resumes.
Kussmaul's respiration., - the Respirations are abnormally deep, regular, and increased
in rate. - ANSWER Biot's respiration., - the Respirations are abnormally shallow for 2 to 3
breaths, followed by irregular period of apnea.
Respiratory assessment includes determining the effectiveness of ventilation,
perfusion, and diffusion. - ANSWER Assessment of respiration involves observing
ventilatory movements through the respiratory cycle.
, Variables affecting ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion influence oxygen saturation. -
ANSWER .
There are three steps in the process of oxygenation: ventilation, perfusion, and
diffusion. - ANSWER .
Surfactant., - is a chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the
alveoli and keep them from collapsing. - ANSWER Atelectasis., - is a collapse of the
alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Compliance is the ability of the lungs to distend or expand in response to increased
intra-alveolar pressure. - ANSWER .
Airway resistance., - is the increase in pressure that occurs as the diameter of the
airways decreases from mouth and/or nose to alveoli. - ANSWER When airway
resistance increases, the amount of oxygen delivered to the alveoli decreases.
Tidal volume., - is the amount of air exhaled following a normal inspiration. - ANSWER
Residual volume., - is the amount of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration.
Forced vital capacity., - is the maximum amount of air that can be removed from the
lungs during forced expiration - ANSWER .
The primary function of pulmonary circulation is to move blood to and from the alveolar
capillary membrane for gas exchange. - ANSWER .
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary circulation. -
ANSWER The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the systemic circulation.
The volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during systole is the stroke volume. -
ANSWER Hemorrhage and dehydration cause a decrease in circulating blood volume
