PP 1: CELL INJURY, STRESS, CELL DEATH| TOP SCORES
MADE SIMPLE | TRUSTED TEST SOLUTIONS!
What are the four levels of the disease process? Answer: Etiology – the cause
(genetic, acquired, or both; often multifactorial)
Pathogenesis – the mechanisms leading to disease
Molecular and morphologic changes – biochemical and structural alterations in
cells/organs
Clinical manifestations – functional consequences of those changes
What factors determine a normal cell's function and structure? Answer: Metabolism
Differentiation
Constraints of neighboring cells
Availability of metabolic substrates
What does disease reflect at the cellular level? Answer: Disease reflects dysfunction of
a significant number of cells.
Are cellular adaptations reversible? Answer: Yes, adaptations are reversible. When the
stress is removed, cells can return to their normal size and function.
What are the main types of cellular adaptation? Answer: Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia
Intracellular accumulations (abnormal storage)
Which etiology is more common? Answer: multifactorial
What is the purpose of cellular adaptation? Answer: Adaptation achieves an altered but
steady state that preserves the health of the cell despite continued stress.
What are the stages in the continuum of cellular stress? Answer: 1) Normal
2) Adaptation
3) Reversible injury
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, 4) Irreversible injury
5) Cell death
What can cause cell death? Answer: - Ischemia
- Infection
- Toxins
- Sometimes, it's a necessary part of homeostasis and development.
What are the two major types of cell death? Answer: Necrosis
Apoptosis
What happens if adaptive responses are exceeded? Answer: Cellular injury occurs due
to stress, nutrient deprivation, or mutations.
What is hypertrophy? Answer: An increase in the size of cells, leading to an increase in
the size of the organ. It's due to new synthesis of structural components, especially
proteins.
What causes hypertrophy? Answer: 1) Increased functional demand (e.g.,
hypertension)
2) Hormonal or growth factor stimulation (e.g., uterus during pregnancy - TGF-β, FGF,
IGF-1)
Can non-dividing cells undergo hypertrophy? Answer: Yes. Since non-dividing cells
cannot proliferate, they can only undergo hypertrophy.
What is subcellular hypertrophy? Answer: A selective increase in the size of a specific
organelle, not the entire cell.
Give an example of subcellular hypertrophy. Answer: In hepatocytes, during barbiturate
treatment (or abuse), the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) enlarges due to
increased cytochrome P450 enzymes used to detoxify the drug.
alcohol can also have this effect
What is hyperplasia? Answer: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an
organ or tissue, usually resulting in an increased mass of the organ.
When can hyperplasia occur? Answer: It can occur if the cells in the tissue are capable
of dividing. It often occurs concurrently with hypertrophy.
What are the two main types of hyperplasia? Answer: Physiological hyperplasia
Pathological hyperplasia
2
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MADE SIMPLE | TRUSTED TEST SOLUTIONS!
What are the four levels of the disease process? Answer: Etiology – the cause
(genetic, acquired, or both; often multifactorial)
Pathogenesis – the mechanisms leading to disease
Molecular and morphologic changes – biochemical and structural alterations in
cells/organs
Clinical manifestations – functional consequences of those changes
What factors determine a normal cell's function and structure? Answer: Metabolism
Differentiation
Constraints of neighboring cells
Availability of metabolic substrates
What does disease reflect at the cellular level? Answer: Disease reflects dysfunction of
a significant number of cells.
Are cellular adaptations reversible? Answer: Yes, adaptations are reversible. When the
stress is removed, cells can return to their normal size and function.
What are the main types of cellular adaptation? Answer: Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia
Intracellular accumulations (abnormal storage)
Which etiology is more common? Answer: multifactorial
What is the purpose of cellular adaptation? Answer: Adaptation achieves an altered but
steady state that preserves the health of the cell despite continued stress.
What are the stages in the continuum of cellular stress? Answer: 1) Normal
2) Adaptation
3) Reversible injury
1
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, 4) Irreversible injury
5) Cell death
What can cause cell death? Answer: - Ischemia
- Infection
- Toxins
- Sometimes, it's a necessary part of homeostasis and development.
What are the two major types of cell death? Answer: Necrosis
Apoptosis
What happens if adaptive responses are exceeded? Answer: Cellular injury occurs due
to stress, nutrient deprivation, or mutations.
What is hypertrophy? Answer: An increase in the size of cells, leading to an increase in
the size of the organ. It's due to new synthesis of structural components, especially
proteins.
What causes hypertrophy? Answer: 1) Increased functional demand (e.g.,
hypertension)
2) Hormonal or growth factor stimulation (e.g., uterus during pregnancy - TGF-β, FGF,
IGF-1)
Can non-dividing cells undergo hypertrophy? Answer: Yes. Since non-dividing cells
cannot proliferate, they can only undergo hypertrophy.
What is subcellular hypertrophy? Answer: A selective increase in the size of a specific
organelle, not the entire cell.
Give an example of subcellular hypertrophy. Answer: In hepatocytes, during barbiturate
treatment (or abuse), the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) enlarges due to
increased cytochrome P450 enzymes used to detoxify the drug.
alcohol can also have this effect
What is hyperplasia? Answer: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an
organ or tissue, usually resulting in an increased mass of the organ.
When can hyperplasia occur? Answer: It can occur if the cells in the tissue are capable
of dividing. It often occurs concurrently with hypertrophy.
What are the two main types of hyperplasia? Answer: Physiological hyperplasia
Pathological hyperplasia
2
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