SOLUTION AND ANSWER GUIDE
FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
5TH EDITION
CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN BODY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Review Questions
• Matching
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define the terms anatomy, physiology, and pathology.
Answer:
Anatomy is defined as the study of structure or morphology of the body and how the body parts
are organized.
Physiology is defined as the study of the function of specific body parts (at the organism level
down to the molecular level), what each body part does, and how the body part completes its
specific function.
Pathology is the study of the diseases of the body.
2. List the four categories of tissues and their general function in the human body.
Answer:
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue covers
and protects surfaces, both the inner surface and the outer surface. Connective tissue binds
together and supports other tissues and organs. Muscle tissue generates movement by
shortening or contracting with force. Nervous tissue connects the sensory and motor structures of
the body.
3. Name the systems of the body and their functions. Indicate what major organs each system
contains.
Answer:
System Function Organs
Integumentary system Insulates the body, protects the Skin, hair, nails, sebaceous
body from pathogens, sunlight, glands, and sweat glands
and loss of fluid, and regulates
body temperature and water.
Contains receptor sites to detect
changes in temperature and
pressure.
Skeletal system Protects the soft and vital parts Bones and cartilage
of the body and provides
support for body tissues. Bones
act as levers for movement. Red
, bone marrow produces blood
cells and yellow bone marrow
stores fat. Bone stores calcium
and phosphorous.
Muscular system Skeletal muscles pull on bones Skeletal muscles and tendons
to allow movement; smooth
muscle pushes food through the
digestive tract and blood
through the circulatory system;
and cardiac muscle causes
contraction of the heart
Nervous system Controls, correlates, and Brain, spinal cord, and
regulates the other systems of peripheral nerves
the body; interprets stimuli from
the outside world; and controls
the special senses of sight,
hearing, taste, and smell
Endocrine system Secretes hormones to regulate Pituitary gland, pancreas,
body processes thyroid gland, adrenal gland,
parathyroid glands, ovaries
and testes
Cardiovascular system Pumps and distributes blood, Heart and blood vessels:
which carries oxygen, nutrients, arteries, veins, and capillaries
and wastes to and from the cells
of the body
Lymphatic system Drains tissue spaces of excess Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen,
interstitial fluids and absorb fats and lymph vessels
from the intestine and carries
them to the blood. It also
protects the body from disease
by developing immunities and
destroying most invading
disease-causing
microorganisms
, Respiratory system Provides the surface area for Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx,
the exchange of oxygen and trachea, bronchi and lungs
carbon dioxide with the blood.
Digestive System Converts food into smaller Alimentary canal (esophagus,
substances for absorption and stomach, small intestine, large
eliminates indigestible waste. intestine, rectum, anus) and
accessory organs (e.g., liver
and pancreas)
Urinary system Chemical regulation of the blood Kidneys, ureters, and urinary
and removes waste in the form bladder
of urine.
Reproductive system Maintains sexual characteristics ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus,
and helps perform reproductive and vagina in the female and
functions. Produce and the testes, vas deferens,
exchange gametes, house the seminal vesicles, prostate
fetus until birth, and lactation. gland, penis, and the urethra
in the male
4. The body has two major cavities, each divided into two lesser cavities. List them and explain what
each cavity contains.
Answer:
The two main body cavities are the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity. The dorsal cavity contains
the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity. The ventral cavity contains the thoracic cavity and the
abdominopelvic, or abdomen and pelvic, cavity.
5. Briefly describe cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Answer:
Cells are the smallest living units. Tissue is a group of cells that perform similar functions. Organs
are groups of tissue that come together to serve a common function. Organ systems are a group
of organs that function closely together and make up a whole organism.
6. *Discuss how the body maintains homeostasis in terms of regulating blood glucose levels.
Answer:
Negative feedback loops are used to maintain blood glucose levels. After one eats, blood glucose
increases owing to the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugar molecules
(glucose). The pancreas detects the increase in blood glucose and secretes insulin. While the
cells take in the glucose they require, insulin helps move the excess glucose into the liver. This
causes the blood glucose levels to decrease. When the levels drop below the normal threshold,
glucagon is secreted by the pancreas which breaks down glycogen to glucose. This brings back
the normal glucose levels in the bloodstream.
7. *Differentiate between positive and negative feedback and provide an example of each.
Answer:
Negative feedback is when the body revises disturbances, or reverses the variable, back to
homeostatic levels. An example of negative feedback is temperature or blood glucose control.
Positive feedback responds to a stimulus by increasing and amplifying the variable. An example
of positive feedback is childbirth.
, 8. List and define the main directional terms of the body.
Answer:
The main directional terms of the body are: Posterior (toward the back) and anterior (toward the
front); Superior (uppermost or above) and inferior (lowermost or below); medial (toward the
middle) and lateral (toward the side); proximal (near the attachment or origin) and distal (away
from the point of origin).
9. List and define the three planes of division of the body.
Answer:
The three planes of the body are sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse (horizontal). The
sagittal plane separates the body into left and right portions. The transverse plane separates the
body into superior and inferior portions. The frontal, or coronal, plane separates the body into
anterior and posterior portions.
10. Describe how the body is situated in the correct anatomical position.
Answer:
In standard anatomical position, the body is standing, facing forward with arms at the sides and
the palms of the hand and feet pointing forward.
*Critical Thinking Questions
MATCHING
Place the most appropriate number in the blank provided.
______ Superior 1. Toward the back, dorsal
______ Anterior 2. Uppermost or above
______ Inferior 3. Toward the side
______ Posterior 4. Near the point of attachment or origin
______ Medial 5. Any plane dividing the body into superior
and inferior
______ Lateral 6. Away from the point of attachment
______ Proximal 7. Toward the front, ventral
______ Distal 8. The plane vertically dividing the body into
equal right and left halves
______ Transverse 9. Toward the midline of the body
______ Midsagittal 10. Lowermost or below
Answer:
1. Posterior
2. Superior
3. Lateral
4. Proximal
5. Transverse
6. Distal
7. Anterior
8. Midsagittal
9. Medial
10. Inferior
FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
5TH EDITION
CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN BODY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Review Questions
• Matching
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define the terms anatomy, physiology, and pathology.
Answer:
Anatomy is defined as the study of structure or morphology of the body and how the body parts
are organized.
Physiology is defined as the study of the function of specific body parts (at the organism level
down to the molecular level), what each body part does, and how the body part completes its
specific function.
Pathology is the study of the diseases of the body.
2. List the four categories of tissues and their general function in the human body.
Answer:
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue covers
and protects surfaces, both the inner surface and the outer surface. Connective tissue binds
together and supports other tissues and organs. Muscle tissue generates movement by
shortening or contracting with force. Nervous tissue connects the sensory and motor structures of
the body.
3. Name the systems of the body and their functions. Indicate what major organs each system
contains.
Answer:
System Function Organs
Integumentary system Insulates the body, protects the Skin, hair, nails, sebaceous
body from pathogens, sunlight, glands, and sweat glands
and loss of fluid, and regulates
body temperature and water.
Contains receptor sites to detect
changes in temperature and
pressure.
Skeletal system Protects the soft and vital parts Bones and cartilage
of the body and provides
support for body tissues. Bones
act as levers for movement. Red
, bone marrow produces blood
cells and yellow bone marrow
stores fat. Bone stores calcium
and phosphorous.
Muscular system Skeletal muscles pull on bones Skeletal muscles and tendons
to allow movement; smooth
muscle pushes food through the
digestive tract and blood
through the circulatory system;
and cardiac muscle causes
contraction of the heart
Nervous system Controls, correlates, and Brain, spinal cord, and
regulates the other systems of peripheral nerves
the body; interprets stimuli from
the outside world; and controls
the special senses of sight,
hearing, taste, and smell
Endocrine system Secretes hormones to regulate Pituitary gland, pancreas,
body processes thyroid gland, adrenal gland,
parathyroid glands, ovaries
and testes
Cardiovascular system Pumps and distributes blood, Heart and blood vessels:
which carries oxygen, nutrients, arteries, veins, and capillaries
and wastes to and from the cells
of the body
Lymphatic system Drains tissue spaces of excess Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen,
interstitial fluids and absorb fats and lymph vessels
from the intestine and carries
them to the blood. It also
protects the body from disease
by developing immunities and
destroying most invading
disease-causing
microorganisms
, Respiratory system Provides the surface area for Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx,
the exchange of oxygen and trachea, bronchi and lungs
carbon dioxide with the blood.
Digestive System Converts food into smaller Alimentary canal (esophagus,
substances for absorption and stomach, small intestine, large
eliminates indigestible waste. intestine, rectum, anus) and
accessory organs (e.g., liver
and pancreas)
Urinary system Chemical regulation of the blood Kidneys, ureters, and urinary
and removes waste in the form bladder
of urine.
Reproductive system Maintains sexual characteristics ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus,
and helps perform reproductive and vagina in the female and
functions. Produce and the testes, vas deferens,
exchange gametes, house the seminal vesicles, prostate
fetus until birth, and lactation. gland, penis, and the urethra
in the male
4. The body has two major cavities, each divided into two lesser cavities. List them and explain what
each cavity contains.
Answer:
The two main body cavities are the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity. The dorsal cavity contains
the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity. The ventral cavity contains the thoracic cavity and the
abdominopelvic, or abdomen and pelvic, cavity.
5. Briefly describe cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Answer:
Cells are the smallest living units. Tissue is a group of cells that perform similar functions. Organs
are groups of tissue that come together to serve a common function. Organ systems are a group
of organs that function closely together and make up a whole organism.
6. *Discuss how the body maintains homeostasis in terms of regulating blood glucose levels.
Answer:
Negative feedback loops are used to maintain blood glucose levels. After one eats, blood glucose
increases owing to the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugar molecules
(glucose). The pancreas detects the increase in blood glucose and secretes insulin. While the
cells take in the glucose they require, insulin helps move the excess glucose into the liver. This
causes the blood glucose levels to decrease. When the levels drop below the normal threshold,
glucagon is secreted by the pancreas which breaks down glycogen to glucose. This brings back
the normal glucose levels in the bloodstream.
7. *Differentiate between positive and negative feedback and provide an example of each.
Answer:
Negative feedback is when the body revises disturbances, or reverses the variable, back to
homeostatic levels. An example of negative feedback is temperature or blood glucose control.
Positive feedback responds to a stimulus by increasing and amplifying the variable. An example
of positive feedback is childbirth.
, 8. List and define the main directional terms of the body.
Answer:
The main directional terms of the body are: Posterior (toward the back) and anterior (toward the
front); Superior (uppermost or above) and inferior (lowermost or below); medial (toward the
middle) and lateral (toward the side); proximal (near the attachment or origin) and distal (away
from the point of origin).
9. List and define the three planes of division of the body.
Answer:
The three planes of the body are sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse (horizontal). The
sagittal plane separates the body into left and right portions. The transverse plane separates the
body into superior and inferior portions. The frontal, or coronal, plane separates the body into
anterior and posterior portions.
10. Describe how the body is situated in the correct anatomical position.
Answer:
In standard anatomical position, the body is standing, facing forward with arms at the sides and
the palms of the hand and feet pointing forward.
*Critical Thinking Questions
MATCHING
Place the most appropriate number in the blank provided.
______ Superior 1. Toward the back, dorsal
______ Anterior 2. Uppermost or above
______ Inferior 3. Toward the side
______ Posterior 4. Near the point of attachment or origin
______ Medial 5. Any plane dividing the body into superior
and inferior
______ Lateral 6. Away from the point of attachment
______ Proximal 7. Toward the front, ventral
______ Distal 8. The plane vertically dividing the body into
equal right and left halves
______ Transverse 9. Toward the midline of the body
______ Midsagittal 10. Lowermost or below
Answer:
1. Posterior
2. Superior
3. Lateral
4. Proximal
5. Transverse
6. Distal
7. Anterior
8. Midsagittal
9. Medial
10. Inferior
