Autoregulation of renal blood flow - ANSWER prevents large changes in GFR when
there are increases/decreases in BP; regulated neural and hormonal regulation
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - ANSWER -decreased blood pressure causes
the juxtaglomerular cells of kidneys to secrete renin which converts angiotensinogen (inac-
tive) to angiotensin I (active) which is then converted into angiotensin II by angiotensin-con-
verting enzyme (ACE)
-Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
- leads to absorption of Na and increased blood pressure
-once blood pressure is restored, there is a decreased drive to stimulate renin release
glomerular filtration - ANSWER the movement of fluid and dilutes across glomerular
capillary membrane into the Bowman space
tubular reabsorption - ANSWER Movement of fluids and solutes from tubular lumen
to the peritubular capillary plasma
tubular secretion - ANSWER Transfer of substances from the plasma of the peritubular
to the tubular lumen, active and passive transport
Excretion - ANSWER Elimination of a substance in the final urine
1
, Aging and Renal System - ANSWER Decrease: size of kidney, renal blood flow, GFR,
number and size of nephrons
Increase: glucose in urine, urgency, frequency, nocturia
Kidneys are less able to adapt to system changes
Creatinine - ANSWER Substance produced by muscle, is measured in plasma and urine
to calculate a commonly used clinical estimate of GFR
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - ANSWER blood test that measures the amount of urea in
the blood. An increased BUN detects an abnormality in renal function. BUN is also an indica-
tor of hydration status
Common causes of urinary tract obstruction - ANSWER Stones, strictures, congenital
compression, tumors, and abdominal inflammation
neurogenic bladder - ANSWER a urinary problem caused by interference with the nor-
mal nerve pathways associated with urination
obstructive uropathy - ANSWER anatomic changes in the urinary system caused by ob-
struction
Types of obstructive uropathy - ANSWER Upper urinary: kidney stones, tubulointersti-
tial fibrosis
Lower urinary tract: neurogenic bladder, overactive/underactive bladder
Anatomic: urethral stricture, prostate enlargement, pelvic organ prolapse, partial obstruction
of urethra
Tumors
Highest risk for UTI - ANSWER Premature newborns, prepubertal children, sexually ac-
tive/pregnant women, women treated with antibiotics that disrupt normal vaginal flora,
2
there are increases/decreases in BP; regulated neural and hormonal regulation
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - ANSWER -decreased blood pressure causes
the juxtaglomerular cells of kidneys to secrete renin which converts angiotensinogen (inac-
tive) to angiotensin I (active) which is then converted into angiotensin II by angiotensin-con-
verting enzyme (ACE)
-Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
- leads to absorption of Na and increased blood pressure
-once blood pressure is restored, there is a decreased drive to stimulate renin release
glomerular filtration - ANSWER the movement of fluid and dilutes across glomerular
capillary membrane into the Bowman space
tubular reabsorption - ANSWER Movement of fluids and solutes from tubular lumen
to the peritubular capillary plasma
tubular secretion - ANSWER Transfer of substances from the plasma of the peritubular
to the tubular lumen, active and passive transport
Excretion - ANSWER Elimination of a substance in the final urine
1
, Aging and Renal System - ANSWER Decrease: size of kidney, renal blood flow, GFR,
number and size of nephrons
Increase: glucose in urine, urgency, frequency, nocturia
Kidneys are less able to adapt to system changes
Creatinine - ANSWER Substance produced by muscle, is measured in plasma and urine
to calculate a commonly used clinical estimate of GFR
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - ANSWER blood test that measures the amount of urea in
the blood. An increased BUN detects an abnormality in renal function. BUN is also an indica-
tor of hydration status
Common causes of urinary tract obstruction - ANSWER Stones, strictures, congenital
compression, tumors, and abdominal inflammation
neurogenic bladder - ANSWER a urinary problem caused by interference with the nor-
mal nerve pathways associated with urination
obstructive uropathy - ANSWER anatomic changes in the urinary system caused by ob-
struction
Types of obstructive uropathy - ANSWER Upper urinary: kidney stones, tubulointersti-
tial fibrosis
Lower urinary tract: neurogenic bladder, overactive/underactive bladder
Anatomic: urethral stricture, prostate enlargement, pelvic organ prolapse, partial obstruction
of urethra
Tumors
Highest risk for UTI - ANSWER Premature newborns, prepubertal children, sexually ac-
tive/pregnant women, women treated with antibiotics that disrupt normal vaginal flora,
2
