BIOL 1009 EXAM 1 EXAM LATEST 2025-
2026 UMN ACTUAL SPRING EXAM
GRADED A
heat of vaporization
quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from
liquid to gaseous state.
heat of vape and evaporative cooling>>> water
moderates global climate, keep organisms from overheating.
think of cooling down when you sweat.
Ice floats
hydrogen bonds cause ice to be less dense than liquid water causing it
to float. this occurs because of hydrogen bonding which keep
molecules "at arms length"
solution
homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
solvent
dissolving agent within a solution
solute
substance that is dissolved in the solvent.
,hydrogen shell
the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion in a solution
hydrophilic
any substance that has an affinity for water,
colloid
large molecules that do not dissolve in water but rather remain
suspended in the aqueous solution.
hydrophobic
substances without an affinity for water, generally nonionic and
nonpolar eg oil
mole (mol)
represents the exact number of objects 6.23 * 10^23.
molarity
the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
hydrogen ion
a single proton with charge +1, H+1
hydroxide ion
OH- , the water molecule that lost a proton
hydronium ion
H3O+, the other water molecule that the proton joins.
,acid
substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
base
substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
pH scale
pH declines as H+ increases and vice versa. neutral pH is at 7
buffer
substances that minimizes changes in concentrations of H+and OH-.
Most buffers contain a weak acid and its corresponding base
ocean acidification
when CO2 dissolves in sea water, it reacts to form carbonic acid which
lowers ocean pH
organic chemistry
branch of chemistry which focuses on study of carbon compounds
major elements of life
C, H, O, N, S, P
formation of bonds with carbon
carbon has valence of 4, usually bonds covalently with up to 4 atoms to
fill its shell
carbon chain
, for the skeleton of organic molecules and they vary in shape (straight,
ring,..)
hydrocarbon
organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen. H is attached
wherever electrons are available.
four ways that carbon skeletons can vart
1. length
2. branching
3.double bond position
4. presence of rings
covalent bond
sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms, occurs when atoms
are close enough for orbitals to overlap
molecule
2 or more atoms joined by a covalent bond
double bond
sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms
valence
often thought of as bonding capacity, the number of unpaired electrons
needed to complete the outer shell.
electronegativity
2026 UMN ACTUAL SPRING EXAM
GRADED A
heat of vaporization
quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from
liquid to gaseous state.
heat of vape and evaporative cooling>>> water
moderates global climate, keep organisms from overheating.
think of cooling down when you sweat.
Ice floats
hydrogen bonds cause ice to be less dense than liquid water causing it
to float. this occurs because of hydrogen bonding which keep
molecules "at arms length"
solution
homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
solvent
dissolving agent within a solution
solute
substance that is dissolved in the solvent.
,hydrogen shell
the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion in a solution
hydrophilic
any substance that has an affinity for water,
colloid
large molecules that do not dissolve in water but rather remain
suspended in the aqueous solution.
hydrophobic
substances without an affinity for water, generally nonionic and
nonpolar eg oil
mole (mol)
represents the exact number of objects 6.23 * 10^23.
molarity
the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
hydrogen ion
a single proton with charge +1, H+1
hydroxide ion
OH- , the water molecule that lost a proton
hydronium ion
H3O+, the other water molecule that the proton joins.
,acid
substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
base
substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
pH scale
pH declines as H+ increases and vice versa. neutral pH is at 7
buffer
substances that minimizes changes in concentrations of H+and OH-.
Most buffers contain a weak acid and its corresponding base
ocean acidification
when CO2 dissolves in sea water, it reacts to form carbonic acid which
lowers ocean pH
organic chemistry
branch of chemistry which focuses on study of carbon compounds
major elements of life
C, H, O, N, S, P
formation of bonds with carbon
carbon has valence of 4, usually bonds covalently with up to 4 atoms to
fill its shell
carbon chain
, for the skeleton of organic molecules and they vary in shape (straight,
ring,..)
hydrocarbon
organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen. H is attached
wherever electrons are available.
four ways that carbon skeletons can vart
1. length
2. branching
3.double bond position
4. presence of rings
covalent bond
sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms, occurs when atoms
are close enough for orbitals to overlap
molecule
2 or more atoms joined by a covalent bond
double bond
sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms
valence
often thought of as bonding capacity, the number of unpaired electrons
needed to complete the outer shell.
electronegativity
