1
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.................................................................................................... 5
1. Laboratory Practicum: Calorimetric Measurements of Thermal Effects
of Chemical Reactions and Physicochemical Processes................................ 7
1.2 Theoretical Introduction.......................................................................7
1.3. Work Sequence................................................................................. 18
Laboratory Exercise 1. Determination of the Heat of Neutralization of
a Strong Acid by a Strong Base...........................................................21
Laboratory Exercise 2. Calculation of Heat of Dissociation of a Weak
Acid or a Weak Base........................................................................... 23
Laboratory Exercise 3. Calculation of Integral Heat of Salt
Dissolution...........................................................................................25
Laboratory Exercise 4. Calculation of Heat of Crystallohydrate
Formation (Hydration Heat)............................................................... 26
1.4 Appendix............................................................................................28
1.5 Test Questions....................................................................................29
1.6 References..........................................................................................31
2. Laboratory Practicum: Equilibrium of Homogeneous Chemical Systems....32
2.2 Theoretical Introduction.....................................................................32
Laboratory Exercise 5. Chemical Equilibrium of Homogeneous
Chemical Systems............................................................................... 46
2.2. Test Questions...................................................................................53
2.3. References.........................................................................................54
3. Laboratory Practicum: Solutions..............................................................55
3.1. Theoretical Introduction....................................................................55
Laboratory Exercise 6. Determination of the Distribution Coefficient
of Iodine between organic Solvent and Water.................................... 69
Laboratory Exercise 7. Determination of the Distribution Coefficient
of Acetic Acid between Organic Solvent and Water........................... 72
Laboratory Exercise 8. Study of the Extraction Process of Iodine..... 76
3.2. Test Questions...................................................................................80
3.3. Tasks for Self-Study..........................................................................81
3.4. References.........................................................................................88
4. Laboratory Practicum: Kinetics of Chemical Reactions.......................... 90
4.1. Theoretical Introduction....................................................................90
Laboratory Exercise 9. Dissolution Rate of Hard-Soluble Salt.........103
4.2. Test Questions.................................................................................105
3
, Laboratory Exercise 10. Kinetics and Catalysis of Hydrogen Peroxide
Decomposition....................................................................................106
4.3. Appendix.........................................................................................111
4.4. Test Questions.................................................................................111
4.5 References........................................................................................112
5. Individual Assignments. Kinetics of Homogeneous Processes..............114
5.1. Basic Concepts and Laws of Chemical Kinetics.............................114
5.2. Kinetics of Complex Chemical Reactions...................................... 124
5.3. References.......................................................................................138
6. Individual Assignments. Electrolyte Solutions...................................... 139
6.1. References.......................................................................................149
4
, INTRODUCTION
Physical chemistry is an important branch of science with its own
research methods. It is quite important for various adjacent scientific
disciplines. Physical chemistry plays a significant role in training of
chemical engineers. Physical chemistry us usually preceded by inorganic,
organic and analytical chemistry. It finalizes the cycle of general chemistry,
and then physical chemistry is followed by theoretical foundations of
special engineering courses. Thus, physical chemistry provides
fundamental basis for these disciplines.
This study guide represents laboratory practicums and individual tasks
in the main areas of physical chemistry, which determine its subject matter:
chemical thermodynamics, chemical equilibrium, phase equilibriums and
the theory of solutions, kinetics and catalysis, and solutions of electrolytes.
The Chemical Thermodynamics section considers the main
equations for calculating the thermal balance of a chemical process and the
amount of heat released or absorbed in chemical reactions or various
physicochemical processes as well as for predicting spontaneous behavior
of processes.
The Chemical Equilibrium section includes the theory of equilibrium
states in chemical and physical processes and discusses the influence of
external conditions on chemical equilibrium.
Chemical Kinetics studies rates of chemical reactions both in
homogeneous and heterogeneous media as well as the phenomenon of
catalysis.
Electrochemistry studies specific properties of electrolyte solutions,
electrical conductivity, and galvanic elements.
The Theory of Solutions considers the nature of solutions, problems of
solubility, and the dependence of properties on concentration and the nature
of components.
This study guide includes the following laboratory practicums:
“Determination of the Distribution Coefficient of a Solute between Two
Immiscible Liquids”, “Equilibrium of Homogeneous Chemical Systems”,
“Calorimetric Measurements of Thermal Effects of Chemical Reactions
and Physicochemical Processes”, “Kinetics of Heterogeneous Catalytic
Reactions”.
The guidelines to each laboratory practicum include the following
obligatory components: theoretical introduction with general concepts and
laws of the studied physical chemistry area, self-study and control
5
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.................................................................................................... 5
1. Laboratory Practicum: Calorimetric Measurements of Thermal Effects
of Chemical Reactions and Physicochemical Processes................................ 7
1.2 Theoretical Introduction.......................................................................7
1.3. Work Sequence................................................................................. 18
Laboratory Exercise 1. Determination of the Heat of Neutralization of
a Strong Acid by a Strong Base...........................................................21
Laboratory Exercise 2. Calculation of Heat of Dissociation of a Weak
Acid or a Weak Base........................................................................... 23
Laboratory Exercise 3. Calculation of Integral Heat of Salt
Dissolution...........................................................................................25
Laboratory Exercise 4. Calculation of Heat of Crystallohydrate
Formation (Hydration Heat)............................................................... 26
1.4 Appendix............................................................................................28
1.5 Test Questions....................................................................................29
1.6 References..........................................................................................31
2. Laboratory Practicum: Equilibrium of Homogeneous Chemical Systems....32
2.2 Theoretical Introduction.....................................................................32
Laboratory Exercise 5. Chemical Equilibrium of Homogeneous
Chemical Systems............................................................................... 46
2.2. Test Questions...................................................................................53
2.3. References.........................................................................................54
3. Laboratory Practicum: Solutions..............................................................55
3.1. Theoretical Introduction....................................................................55
Laboratory Exercise 6. Determination of the Distribution Coefficient
of Iodine between organic Solvent and Water.................................... 69
Laboratory Exercise 7. Determination of the Distribution Coefficient
of Acetic Acid between Organic Solvent and Water........................... 72
Laboratory Exercise 8. Study of the Extraction Process of Iodine..... 76
3.2. Test Questions...................................................................................80
3.3. Tasks for Self-Study..........................................................................81
3.4. References.........................................................................................88
4. Laboratory Practicum: Kinetics of Chemical Reactions.......................... 90
4.1. Theoretical Introduction....................................................................90
Laboratory Exercise 9. Dissolution Rate of Hard-Soluble Salt.........103
4.2. Test Questions.................................................................................105
3
, Laboratory Exercise 10. Kinetics and Catalysis of Hydrogen Peroxide
Decomposition....................................................................................106
4.3. Appendix.........................................................................................111
4.4. Test Questions.................................................................................111
4.5 References........................................................................................112
5. Individual Assignments. Kinetics of Homogeneous Processes..............114
5.1. Basic Concepts and Laws of Chemical Kinetics.............................114
5.2. Kinetics of Complex Chemical Reactions...................................... 124
5.3. References.......................................................................................138
6. Individual Assignments. Electrolyte Solutions...................................... 139
6.1. References.......................................................................................149
4
, INTRODUCTION
Physical chemistry is an important branch of science with its own
research methods. It is quite important for various adjacent scientific
disciplines. Physical chemistry plays a significant role in training of
chemical engineers. Physical chemistry us usually preceded by inorganic,
organic and analytical chemistry. It finalizes the cycle of general chemistry,
and then physical chemistry is followed by theoretical foundations of
special engineering courses. Thus, physical chemistry provides
fundamental basis for these disciplines.
This study guide represents laboratory practicums and individual tasks
in the main areas of physical chemistry, which determine its subject matter:
chemical thermodynamics, chemical equilibrium, phase equilibriums and
the theory of solutions, kinetics and catalysis, and solutions of electrolytes.
The Chemical Thermodynamics section considers the main
equations for calculating the thermal balance of a chemical process and the
amount of heat released or absorbed in chemical reactions or various
physicochemical processes as well as for predicting spontaneous behavior
of processes.
The Chemical Equilibrium section includes the theory of equilibrium
states in chemical and physical processes and discusses the influence of
external conditions on chemical equilibrium.
Chemical Kinetics studies rates of chemical reactions both in
homogeneous and heterogeneous media as well as the phenomenon of
catalysis.
Electrochemistry studies specific properties of electrolyte solutions,
electrical conductivity, and galvanic elements.
The Theory of Solutions considers the nature of solutions, problems of
solubility, and the dependence of properties on concentration and the nature
of components.
This study guide includes the following laboratory practicums:
“Determination of the Distribution Coefficient of a Solute between Two
Immiscible Liquids”, “Equilibrium of Homogeneous Chemical Systems”,
“Calorimetric Measurements of Thermal Effects of Chemical Reactions
and Physicochemical Processes”, “Kinetics of Heterogeneous Catalytic
Reactions”.
The guidelines to each laboratory practicum include the following
obligatory components: theoretical introduction with general concepts and
laws of the studied physical chemistry area, self-study and control
5
