PATHOPHYSIOLOGY INTRODUCTORY
CONCEPTS AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES
TEST SCRIPT 2026
◉ Oliguria (<400 mL/ day or <30 mL / hr) indicated.... Answer: renal
dysfunction
◉ Orthostatic Hypotension. Answer: drop in BP <20/10 mmHg w/ 3
min moving from lying to standing
Indications
Dizziness, Confusion, Blurred Vision, Weak, Fatigue, Falling, Chest
pain
^Risk
Elderly, GI Bleed/Anemia, Dehydration, Surgical pt, Diabetes, Heart
Disease
◉ Low sodium diet consist of < _______mg of sodium and
recommended for pt with HTN and heart failure. Answer: 1500
◉ Hypernatremia. Answer: >145
,Highest risk in breastfed infants and the elderly
◉ Hyponatremia. Answer: <135
High risk for post op and elderly
◉ Hypercalcemia. Answer:
◉ Hypocalcemia. Answer: S/S
Chvosteks sign:
Trousseaus sign:
Vitamin D aid in absorption
◉ the lungs and the kidneys maintain the ______ and _____ balance;
therefore if ventilation is suboptimal or renal dysfunction occures
_________. Answer: Acid and Base
acid-base imbalance
, ◉ ABGs. Answer: pH 7.35 - 7.45
Pco2 35 -45
Po2 90 - 100
HCO3 22 - 26
SaO2 95% - 100%
◉ Low Po2. Answer: Hypoxia
◉ Pco2. Answer: ^ hypercapnea
v hypocapnea
◉ causes of respiratory acidosis. Answer: -Pulmonary
COPD
Pulmonary edema
Pneumonia
airway obstruction
under - mechanical ventilation
weakness of rib cage muscles
cystic fibrosis
-Nonpulmonary
CONCEPTS AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES
TEST SCRIPT 2026
◉ Oliguria (<400 mL/ day or <30 mL / hr) indicated.... Answer: renal
dysfunction
◉ Orthostatic Hypotension. Answer: drop in BP <20/10 mmHg w/ 3
min moving from lying to standing
Indications
Dizziness, Confusion, Blurred Vision, Weak, Fatigue, Falling, Chest
pain
^Risk
Elderly, GI Bleed/Anemia, Dehydration, Surgical pt, Diabetes, Heart
Disease
◉ Low sodium diet consist of < _______mg of sodium and
recommended for pt with HTN and heart failure. Answer: 1500
◉ Hypernatremia. Answer: >145
,Highest risk in breastfed infants and the elderly
◉ Hyponatremia. Answer: <135
High risk for post op and elderly
◉ Hypercalcemia. Answer:
◉ Hypocalcemia. Answer: S/S
Chvosteks sign:
Trousseaus sign:
Vitamin D aid in absorption
◉ the lungs and the kidneys maintain the ______ and _____ balance;
therefore if ventilation is suboptimal or renal dysfunction occures
_________. Answer: Acid and Base
acid-base imbalance
, ◉ ABGs. Answer: pH 7.35 - 7.45
Pco2 35 -45
Po2 90 - 100
HCO3 22 - 26
SaO2 95% - 100%
◉ Low Po2. Answer: Hypoxia
◉ Pco2. Answer: ^ hypercapnea
v hypocapnea
◉ causes of respiratory acidosis. Answer: -Pulmonary
COPD
Pulmonary edema
Pneumonia
airway obstruction
under - mechanical ventilation
weakness of rib cage muscles
cystic fibrosis
-Nonpulmonary
