2026 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1Latest Update||
Questions with Correct Verified Answers/NR 2063
Pathophysiology Exam 1 (Already Graded A+)|Brand New!!!
What is Pathophysiology
is the study of what happens when the normal anatomy and
physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the
human body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include?
Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment
Implications
What is etiology
study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic
conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
What is pathogenesis?
development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to the
expression of manifestations as time occurs.
What are clinical manifestations?
Signs and symptoms of disorder.
What are treatment implications?
Which combine the etology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations
to determine the best treatment of condition per individual.
What are signs?
Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
What are symptoms?
Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
What is objective data
What you observe and can measure.
pg. 1
,What are examples of objective data?
rash, low blood pressure, bleeding
What is subjective data?
What the patient may report to you
What are examples of subjective data?
pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
What is epidemiology?
study of the patterns of disease involving populations. Based on the
spread and contact of diseases in people.
What are the levels of disease prevention?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Explain Primary Prevention
"Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease
for people.
Examples of Primary Prevention
Vaccinations and Handwashing
Explain Secondary Prevention
"Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to
catch disease early before it spreads
Examples of Secondary Prevention
PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
Explain Tertiary Prevention
"Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or
disease after the person has the condition
Examples of Tertiary Prevention
pg. 2
,Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care
after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers.
What is homeostasis?
a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in balance and the
body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable.
What is allostasis?
ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance but an
attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower
ones body temp.
What is dehydration?
when water output exceeds intake over time. Water from ECF is lost,
causing cells to shrink as concentration increases.
What are the causes of dehydration?
haemorrhage, severe burns, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, water
deprivation, diuretic abuse, DM.
What are the signs and symptoms one may have dehydration?
dry mouth, extreme thirst, dry skin, decreased urine output, weight
loss, mental confusion, hypovolemic shock.
What is hypotonic hydration?
Over hydration or water intoxication. When too much water is taken
in too fast or the kidneys cannot rid the fluid fast enough (renal
failure). Concentration of water in ECF increases, while osmolarity
decreases, causing cells to swell.
What things can cause hypertonic hydration?
Too much fluids through IV, renal failure, drinking too much water
too fast. ` (Hyponatremia).
What are the signs and symptoms of hypotonic hydration?
pg. 3
, leads to Nausea and Vomiting, muscles cramping, cerebral edema
(brain cells can swell and burst) , convulsions, coma and death.
What is oedema?
accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Leads to tissue
swelling.
What are the causes of oedema?
Increase in the forces that move fluid from capillaries to interstitial
compartments or decrease in the opposite.
What are some of the factors that encourage oedema?
Increase in hydrostatic forces in the capillaries that increases the
blood volume, increased capillary permeability, CHF, HYPTN,
decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes liver to hold onto
more water- ascites, cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage.
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome
Where the sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress.
Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy is given off by the
HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected
to vital organs in this stage to give the organs energy to work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome
the activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine
system to return the body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately
adapt to the stressor.
Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome
Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body.
The body can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged
exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged
that can lead to disease or death.
pg. 4
Questions with Correct Verified Answers/NR 2063
Pathophysiology Exam 1 (Already Graded A+)|Brand New!!!
What is Pathophysiology
is the study of what happens when the normal anatomy and
physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the
human body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include?
Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment
Implications
What is etiology
study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic
conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
What is pathogenesis?
development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to the
expression of manifestations as time occurs.
What are clinical manifestations?
Signs and symptoms of disorder.
What are treatment implications?
Which combine the etology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations
to determine the best treatment of condition per individual.
What are signs?
Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
What are symptoms?
Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
What is objective data
What you observe and can measure.
pg. 1
,What are examples of objective data?
rash, low blood pressure, bleeding
What is subjective data?
What the patient may report to you
What are examples of subjective data?
pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
What is epidemiology?
study of the patterns of disease involving populations. Based on the
spread and contact of diseases in people.
What are the levels of disease prevention?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Explain Primary Prevention
"Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease
for people.
Examples of Primary Prevention
Vaccinations and Handwashing
Explain Secondary Prevention
"Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to
catch disease early before it spreads
Examples of Secondary Prevention
PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
Explain Tertiary Prevention
"Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or
disease after the person has the condition
Examples of Tertiary Prevention
pg. 2
,Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care
after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers.
What is homeostasis?
a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in balance and the
body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable.
What is allostasis?
ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance but an
attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower
ones body temp.
What is dehydration?
when water output exceeds intake over time. Water from ECF is lost,
causing cells to shrink as concentration increases.
What are the causes of dehydration?
haemorrhage, severe burns, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, water
deprivation, diuretic abuse, DM.
What are the signs and symptoms one may have dehydration?
dry mouth, extreme thirst, dry skin, decreased urine output, weight
loss, mental confusion, hypovolemic shock.
What is hypotonic hydration?
Over hydration or water intoxication. When too much water is taken
in too fast or the kidneys cannot rid the fluid fast enough (renal
failure). Concentration of water in ECF increases, while osmolarity
decreases, causing cells to swell.
What things can cause hypertonic hydration?
Too much fluids through IV, renal failure, drinking too much water
too fast. ` (Hyponatremia).
What are the signs and symptoms of hypotonic hydration?
pg. 3
, leads to Nausea and Vomiting, muscles cramping, cerebral edema
(brain cells can swell and burst) , convulsions, coma and death.
What is oedema?
accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Leads to tissue
swelling.
What are the causes of oedema?
Increase in the forces that move fluid from capillaries to interstitial
compartments or decrease in the opposite.
What are some of the factors that encourage oedema?
Increase in hydrostatic forces in the capillaries that increases the
blood volume, increased capillary permeability, CHF, HYPTN,
decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes liver to hold onto
more water- ascites, cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage.
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome
Where the sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress.
Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy is given off by the
HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected
to vital organs in this stage to give the organs energy to work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome
the activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine
system to return the body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately
adapt to the stressor.
Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome
Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body.
The body can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged
exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged
that can lead to disease or death.
pg. 4
