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NU 327 Exam 1 Study
Materials –
Pathophysiological Basis of
Nursing Comprehensive
Review
Guidehttps://www.stuvia.com/dashboard!@_)#*)(@$)($@*($@)($@*_
,How do cells make energy?
-Aerobic metabolism (requires oxygen; inside mitochondria) = 34 ATP.
-Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis; no outside of mitochondria) = 2 ATP + pyruvic acid. Glucose is
used to create energy here.
What happens when there is energy failure?
Cell disfunction: Cell injury, death, tissue organ death, patient organ death.
Describe the Sodium Potassium Pump
- An active transport mechanism
- uses an antiporter to move 3 NA+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell.
-Helps maintain resting potential and cellular fluid volume
- ATP used to change the shape of the carrier protein
-Maintains low sodium and high potassium concentrations in the cell. ATP must be present.
,How do cells respond or adapt to internal and external stressors?
-Develop adaptive and compensatory changes to maintain homeostasis.
-Develop maladaptive changes, which are derangements of structure or function.
-The fight or flight response is due to stressors. When the body is overloaded with stress,
homeostasis cannot be obtained, which leads to disease. A well functioning cell can maintain
homeostasis.
HIV/AIDS
-Retrovirus that carries RNA instead of DNA.
-Spread through sex & infected needles.
-AIDS is the more advanced stage of HIV. HIV attaches to CD4+ (T helpers) HIV RNA enters the cells
and converts its RNA to DNA in the cell. This process kills the CD4+ cells and releases more HIV.
, Downs Syndrome
-The MOST common chromosomal disorder
-Chromosomal disorder caused by trisomy 21 where person affected has three copies of
chromosome 21.
- Risk increases as maternal age increases.
-Features include square head, upward slant of eyes, malformed low set ears, open mouth,
protruding tongue, increased risk of leukemia and Alzheimer's.
Tay-Sachs
-A lysosomal storage disease that results from a mutation on chromosome 15.
-Caused by the enzyme to metabolize fat is missing.
-Leads to an accumulation of lipids in neurological tissue.
-Person appears normal for the first few months of life.
Then, neurological deficits appear (cherry red spot on the retina, blind, deaf, paralysis, dementia,
seizures, exaggerated startle response, dysphagia).
-Death near age 4, highest risk in Jewish populations.
NU 327 Exam 1 Study
Materials –
Pathophysiological Basis of
Nursing Comprehensive
Review
Guidehttps://www.stuvia.com/dashboard!@_)#*)(@$)($@*($@)($@*_
,How do cells make energy?
-Aerobic metabolism (requires oxygen; inside mitochondria) = 34 ATP.
-Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis; no outside of mitochondria) = 2 ATP + pyruvic acid. Glucose is
used to create energy here.
What happens when there is energy failure?
Cell disfunction: Cell injury, death, tissue organ death, patient organ death.
Describe the Sodium Potassium Pump
- An active transport mechanism
- uses an antiporter to move 3 NA+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell.
-Helps maintain resting potential and cellular fluid volume
- ATP used to change the shape of the carrier protein
-Maintains low sodium and high potassium concentrations in the cell. ATP must be present.
,How do cells respond or adapt to internal and external stressors?
-Develop adaptive and compensatory changes to maintain homeostasis.
-Develop maladaptive changes, which are derangements of structure or function.
-The fight or flight response is due to stressors. When the body is overloaded with stress,
homeostasis cannot be obtained, which leads to disease. A well functioning cell can maintain
homeostasis.
HIV/AIDS
-Retrovirus that carries RNA instead of DNA.
-Spread through sex & infected needles.
-AIDS is the more advanced stage of HIV. HIV attaches to CD4+ (T helpers) HIV RNA enters the cells
and converts its RNA to DNA in the cell. This process kills the CD4+ cells and releases more HIV.
, Downs Syndrome
-The MOST common chromosomal disorder
-Chromosomal disorder caused by trisomy 21 where person affected has three copies of
chromosome 21.
- Risk increases as maternal age increases.
-Features include square head, upward slant of eyes, malformed low set ears, open mouth,
protruding tongue, increased risk of leukemia and Alzheimer's.
Tay-Sachs
-A lysosomal storage disease that results from a mutation on chromosome 15.
-Caused by the enzyme to metabolize fat is missing.
-Leads to an accumulation of lipids in neurological tissue.
-Person appears normal for the first few months of life.
Then, neurological deficits appear (cherry red spot on the retina, blind, deaf, paralysis, dementia,
seizures, exaggerated startle response, dysphagia).
-Death near age 4, highest risk in Jewish populations.
