SPREADSHEET MODELING AND DECISION
ANALYSIS EXAMINATION TEST 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Which of the following is NOT typically included as an input to a
cost-effectiveness model?
Effectiveness
Costs
ICER
Adverse events. Answer: Effectiveness, Costs, and Adverse Effects are
all INPUTS. Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio is an OUTPUT. An
ICER is controversial, estimates can be highly variable, proper
interpretation not always straight forward.
◉ In a cost-effectiveness model, it is better to use median overall
survival than mean overall survival. Answer: False. Median costs are
rarely used. The mean is a measure of central tendency often used in CE
models, primary total cost can be directly computed from the mean,
mean may better reflect the societal perspective because society must
pay all costs incurred including a small proportion of very large ones.
Mean-based ICER enjoys a solid foundation based on welfare
economics. Median- is simple, informative summary measure less
ANALYSIS EXAMINATION TEST 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Which of the following is NOT typically included as an input to a
cost-effectiveness model?
Effectiveness
Costs
ICER
Adverse events. Answer: Effectiveness, Costs, and Adverse Effects are
all INPUTS. Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio is an OUTPUT. An
ICER is controversial, estimates can be highly variable, proper
interpretation not always straight forward.
◉ In a cost-effectiveness model, it is better to use median overall
survival than mean overall survival. Answer: False. Median costs are
rarely used. The mean is a measure of central tendency often used in CE
models, primary total cost can be directly computed from the mean,
mean may better reflect the societal perspective because society must
pay all costs incurred including a small proportion of very large ones.
Mean-based ICER enjoys a solid foundation based on welfare
economics. Median- is simple, informative summary measure less
