1|Page
NR507 Final Exam Study Guide Advanced
Pathophysiology Comprehensive Questions
and Answers Top Rated A+
Imaging Studies for Pyelonephritis <Correct Answer>>Renal ultrasound or CT scan
used to identify structural abnormalities and complications.
Urinary Stasis <Correct Answer>>Condition where urine flow is inadequate,
allowing crystals to remain in the urinary tract and form stones.
Nucleation <Correct Answer>>Process where crystals act as sites for further
crystal deposition in the formation of kidney stones.
Systemic Signs of Severe Infection <Correct Answer>>High fever, chills, and
tachycardia may suggest a severe infection in the context of pyelonephritis.
Costovertebral Angle (CVA) Tenderness <Correct Answer>>Tenderness in the area
of the lower back, often assessed during physical exams for kidney-related
conditions.
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Hematuria <Correct Answer>>Presence of blood in urine, which can indicate renal
calculi or infection.
Thiazide Diuretics <Correct Answer>>Medications used for medical management
of calcium stones in renal calculi.
Allopurinol <Correct Answer>>Medication used for medical management of uric
acid stones in renal calculi.
Lithotripsy <Correct Answer>>Procedure used to remove larger kidney stones (>5
mm) causing severe symptoms.
Goals of Treatment for Renal Calculi <Correct Answer>>Manage acute pain,
promote passage of stone, reduce size of existing stones, and prevent new stone
formation.
Bacterial Colonization <Correct Answer>>Initial step in the pathophysiology of
acute pyelonephritis where bacteria adhere to the renal tissue.
Inflammation and Immune Response <Correct Answer>>Body's reaction to
infection in acute pyelonephritis, leading to renal injury and complications.
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Stage 1 CKD <Correct Answer>>There is kidney damage with normal or elevated
GFR, eGFR 60-89 mL/min.
Stage 2 CKD <Correct Answer>>There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR,
eGFR 90-120 mL/min.
Complications of Stage 2 CKD <Correct Answer>>Anemia, Hypertension,
Decreased calcium absorption, Hyperlipidemia, Heart failure, Left ventricular
hypertrophy,
Fluid volume overload, Hyperkalemia.
Stage 3 CKD <Correct Answer>>There is a moderate decrease in GFR, eGFR 30-59
mL/min.
Stage 4 CKD <Correct Answer>>There is a severe decrease in GFR, eGFR 15-29
mL/min.
Stage 5 CKD <Correct Answer>>Kidney failure - End-stage renal disease, eGFR <15
mL/min (dialysis).
NR507 Final Exam Study Guide Advanced
Pathophysiology Comprehensive Questions
and Answers Top Rated A+
Imaging Studies for Pyelonephritis <Correct Answer>>Renal ultrasound or CT scan
used to identify structural abnormalities and complications.
Urinary Stasis <Correct Answer>>Condition where urine flow is inadequate,
allowing crystals to remain in the urinary tract and form stones.
Nucleation <Correct Answer>>Process where crystals act as sites for further
crystal deposition in the formation of kidney stones.
Systemic Signs of Severe Infection <Correct Answer>>High fever, chills, and
tachycardia may suggest a severe infection in the context of pyelonephritis.
Costovertebral Angle (CVA) Tenderness <Correct Answer>>Tenderness in the area
of the lower back, often assessed during physical exams for kidney-related
conditions.
,2|Page
Hematuria <Correct Answer>>Presence of blood in urine, which can indicate renal
calculi or infection.
Thiazide Diuretics <Correct Answer>>Medications used for medical management
of calcium stones in renal calculi.
Allopurinol <Correct Answer>>Medication used for medical management of uric
acid stones in renal calculi.
Lithotripsy <Correct Answer>>Procedure used to remove larger kidney stones (>5
mm) causing severe symptoms.
Goals of Treatment for Renal Calculi <Correct Answer>>Manage acute pain,
promote passage of stone, reduce size of existing stones, and prevent new stone
formation.
Bacterial Colonization <Correct Answer>>Initial step in the pathophysiology of
acute pyelonephritis where bacteria adhere to the renal tissue.
Inflammation and Immune Response <Correct Answer>>Body's reaction to
infection in acute pyelonephritis, leading to renal injury and complications.
, 3|Page
Stage 1 CKD <Correct Answer>>There is kidney damage with normal or elevated
GFR, eGFR 60-89 mL/min.
Stage 2 CKD <Correct Answer>>There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR,
eGFR 90-120 mL/min.
Complications of Stage 2 CKD <Correct Answer>>Anemia, Hypertension,
Decreased calcium absorption, Hyperlipidemia, Heart failure, Left ventricular
hypertrophy,
Fluid volume overload, Hyperkalemia.
Stage 3 CKD <Correct Answer>>There is a moderate decrease in GFR, eGFR 30-59
mL/min.
Stage 4 CKD <Correct Answer>>There is a severe decrease in GFR, eGFR 15-29
mL/min.
Stage 5 CKD <Correct Answer>>Kidney failure - End-stage renal disease, eGFR <15
mL/min (dialysis).
