NU545 PATHO STUDY
GUIDE UNIT 1 WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWER
Know the chemical mediators which induce pain during inflammatory
response? See page 201, 207, 213 (Ch. 7) - CORRECT ANSWER-
Pain is caused by prostaglandins and bradykinin. Prostaglandin is
produced by mast cells which cause increased vascular permeability,
neutrophil chemotaxis, and pain. Bradykinin is the primary kinin
produced from the kinin system. Bradykinin causes dilation of blood
vessels, and acts with prostaglandins to stimulate nerve endings and
induce pain, causes smooth muscle cell contraction, increases
vascular permeability, and may increase leukocyte chemostaxis.
Know enzyme secreted in kidney when blood volume is decreased.
See page 108 (Ch. 3) - CORRECT ANSWER- Renin is an enzyme
secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating
blood pressure and renal blood flow or serum sodium concentrations
are reduced. Renin stimulates the formation of angiotensin I (inactive
peptide). Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in pulmonary vessels
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes
vasoconstriction to elevate BP and stimulates the secretion of
aldosterone to promote NA and water reabsorption by the proximal
tubules of the kidneys. Aldosterone also stimulates secretion (and
excretion) of K by the distal tubule of the kidney which reduces K
concentrations in the ECF.
Know the difference between osmolarity and osmolality. See page 30
(Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER- Osmolality controls the distribution
of movement of water between body compartments and is the
preferred measure of osmotic activity in clinical assessments of
individuals. Osmolality is a measure of the number of milliosmoles per
,kilogram (mOsm/kg) of water or the concentration of molecules per
weight of water.
Osmolarity is a measure of the number of milliosmoles per liter
(mOsm/L) of solution, or the concentration of molecules per volume of
solution.
What is metabolic absorption? (p.2) - CORRECT ANSWER- • 1 of
8 cellular functions of eukaryote cell
• Chief function is to take in & use nutrients or other substances from
surroundings
• Ex: kidney (fluid absorption and synthesize proteins) and Intestinal
epithelial cells (fluid absorption/protein enzyme synthesis)
What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative
reaction? (p.8) - CORRECT ANSWER- • Peroxisomes contain
enzymes that use O2 to remove H+ in oxidative reactions that
produces hydrogen peroxide which is then used by catalase to further
oxidize other substances like: phenols, formic acid, formaldehyde, and
alcohol
During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular
autodigestion? (p. 8) - CORRECT ANSWER- • Lysosomal
enzymes (hydrolases), or the digestive enzymes within the lysosome
• Autolysosomes, or autophagosomes
Where is the genetic info contained in the cell? (p. 2) - CORRECT
ANSWER- Nucleus, specifically the nucleolus
Cell membranes contain which major chemical components? (p. 12)
- CORRECT ANSWER- Lipids & Proteins in a complex lipid bilayer
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells? (p. 31-32) -
CORRECT ANSWER- • The Na+-K+-ATP pump. Uses direct energy
of ATP; found in excitable tissues (muscles/nerves) & also in kidneys
& salivary glands. Involves the movement of Na+ & K+ against a
concentration gradient.
, • Protein enzyme ATPase allows potassium to move in and out of the
cell.
• Mediated transport = channel protein through which ions can diffuse
(K+ leak channel).
How is a cell protected from injury? (p.12) - CORRECT ANSWER-
• Plasma membrane - Acts as a barrier to toxic molecules,
macromolecules, & foreign organisms/cells.
• Exists in a state of change & modulation. Alternates receptor
numbers & patterns.
• Gating protects cells from release of Ca from injured cells by sealing
off or decreasing permeability at junctional complexes.
In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the erythrocytes?
(p.68) - CORRECT ANSWER- • Associated with chemical changes
that result in structural & metabolic abnormalities of the erythrocyte
membrane leading to cell shape changes & hemolytic anemia.
• Increase in unesterified serum cholesterol owing to lecithin
cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) deficiency in cirrhosis leads to
expansion of the lipid bilayer & macrocytosis without megaloblastic
changes in precursors. Substitutions of phosphatidyl choline (PC)
moieties in the erythrocyte lipid bilayer lead to echinocytes
(disaturated PC) or to stomatocytes (diunsaturated PC). In some
patients, high density lipoprotein (HDL) abnormalities lead to
erythrocyte surface changes causing rapid formation of echinocytes.
(Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1990 May-Jun;20(3):169-74.Mechanisms of
hemolysis in liver disease.Morse EE1.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Connecticut School
of Medicine, Farmington 06032)
• Alters fluidity & function of cell membrane as well as intercellular
transport
What is platelet-derived growth factor? (p.39) - CORRECT
ANSWER- Stimulates production of connective tissue cells &
neuroglial cells
GUIDE UNIT 1 WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWER
Know the chemical mediators which induce pain during inflammatory
response? See page 201, 207, 213 (Ch. 7) - CORRECT ANSWER-
Pain is caused by prostaglandins and bradykinin. Prostaglandin is
produced by mast cells which cause increased vascular permeability,
neutrophil chemotaxis, and pain. Bradykinin is the primary kinin
produced from the kinin system. Bradykinin causes dilation of blood
vessels, and acts with prostaglandins to stimulate nerve endings and
induce pain, causes smooth muscle cell contraction, increases
vascular permeability, and may increase leukocyte chemostaxis.
Know enzyme secreted in kidney when blood volume is decreased.
See page 108 (Ch. 3) - CORRECT ANSWER- Renin is an enzyme
secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating
blood pressure and renal blood flow or serum sodium concentrations
are reduced. Renin stimulates the formation of angiotensin I (inactive
peptide). Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in pulmonary vessels
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes
vasoconstriction to elevate BP and stimulates the secretion of
aldosterone to promote NA and water reabsorption by the proximal
tubules of the kidneys. Aldosterone also stimulates secretion (and
excretion) of K by the distal tubule of the kidney which reduces K
concentrations in the ECF.
Know the difference between osmolarity and osmolality. See page 30
(Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER- Osmolality controls the distribution
of movement of water between body compartments and is the
preferred measure of osmotic activity in clinical assessments of
individuals. Osmolality is a measure of the number of milliosmoles per
,kilogram (mOsm/kg) of water or the concentration of molecules per
weight of water.
Osmolarity is a measure of the number of milliosmoles per liter
(mOsm/L) of solution, or the concentration of molecules per volume of
solution.
What is metabolic absorption? (p.2) - CORRECT ANSWER- • 1 of
8 cellular functions of eukaryote cell
• Chief function is to take in & use nutrients or other substances from
surroundings
• Ex: kidney (fluid absorption and synthesize proteins) and Intestinal
epithelial cells (fluid absorption/protein enzyme synthesis)
What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative
reaction? (p.8) - CORRECT ANSWER- • Peroxisomes contain
enzymes that use O2 to remove H+ in oxidative reactions that
produces hydrogen peroxide which is then used by catalase to further
oxidize other substances like: phenols, formic acid, formaldehyde, and
alcohol
During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular
autodigestion? (p. 8) - CORRECT ANSWER- • Lysosomal
enzymes (hydrolases), or the digestive enzymes within the lysosome
• Autolysosomes, or autophagosomes
Where is the genetic info contained in the cell? (p. 2) - CORRECT
ANSWER- Nucleus, specifically the nucleolus
Cell membranes contain which major chemical components? (p. 12)
- CORRECT ANSWER- Lipids & Proteins in a complex lipid bilayer
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells? (p. 31-32) -
CORRECT ANSWER- • The Na+-K+-ATP pump. Uses direct energy
of ATP; found in excitable tissues (muscles/nerves) & also in kidneys
& salivary glands. Involves the movement of Na+ & K+ against a
concentration gradient.
, • Protein enzyme ATPase allows potassium to move in and out of the
cell.
• Mediated transport = channel protein through which ions can diffuse
(K+ leak channel).
How is a cell protected from injury? (p.12) - CORRECT ANSWER-
• Plasma membrane - Acts as a barrier to toxic molecules,
macromolecules, & foreign organisms/cells.
• Exists in a state of change & modulation. Alternates receptor
numbers & patterns.
• Gating protects cells from release of Ca from injured cells by sealing
off or decreasing permeability at junctional complexes.
In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the erythrocytes?
(p.68) - CORRECT ANSWER- • Associated with chemical changes
that result in structural & metabolic abnormalities of the erythrocyte
membrane leading to cell shape changes & hemolytic anemia.
• Increase in unesterified serum cholesterol owing to lecithin
cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) deficiency in cirrhosis leads to
expansion of the lipid bilayer & macrocytosis without megaloblastic
changes in precursors. Substitutions of phosphatidyl choline (PC)
moieties in the erythrocyte lipid bilayer lead to echinocytes
(disaturated PC) or to stomatocytes (diunsaturated PC). In some
patients, high density lipoprotein (HDL) abnormalities lead to
erythrocyte surface changes causing rapid formation of echinocytes.
(Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1990 May-Jun;20(3):169-74.Mechanisms of
hemolysis in liver disease.Morse EE1.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Connecticut School
of Medicine, Farmington 06032)
• Alters fluidity & function of cell membrane as well as intercellular
transport
What is platelet-derived growth factor? (p.39) - CORRECT
ANSWER- Stimulates production of connective tissue cells &
neuroglial cells
