Foundations of Professional Nursing Mastery:
History & Evolution (Florence Nightingale, Clara
Barton, Dorothea Dix), Nurse Practice Acts & Scope
of Practice, ANA Standards & Code of Ethics,
Nursing Process & Critical Thinking, Evidence-
Based Practice & PICO, Research Methods
(Quantitative, Qualitative, Hypothesis, Variables),
Theoretical Frameworks (General Systems,
Adaptation, Developmental), Professional Roles
(Advocate, Leader, Researcher), Vital Signs,
Autonomy & Self-Regulation, and Health as Holistic
Well-Being Exam Questions Verified and Complete
with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
origination of the word "nurse"
from the latin word "nutrix" meaning to nourish
Word War II on the development of nursing
large #s of women worked outside the home, became more assertive and independent, led to
increased emphasis on education, explosion in technology and medicine while broadening the
role of nurses (1950s)
who established the first training school for nurses and wrote books about healthcare and
nursing education?
Florence Nightingale
Interrelated roles of nurses
communicator, teacher, counselor, leader, researcher, advocate, collaborator
Theory of Animism
good spirits brought health and bad spirits brought sickness and disease; role of doctor was
medicine man and nurse is mom taking care of family
coping with disability and death
,nurses use optimal function of maximum strengths and potentials, refer to community support
systems; provide care to families and patients during end-of-life care, hospice
The Nursing Process
-one of major guidelines for nursing practice
-helps nurses implement their roles
-integrates art and science of nursing
-allows nurses to use critical thinking and clinical reasoning
-defines the areas of care that are within the domain of nursing
Nurse Practice Acts
-define legal scope of nursing practice
-create state board of nursing to make and enforce rules and regulation
-define important terms and activities in nursing, including legal requirements and titles for RNs
and LPNs
- established criteria for the education and licensure of nurses
5 vital signs
respirations, pulse rate, blood pressure, temperature, and pain
Nursing social policy statement of issues nurses address
p. 24 under subject heading Nursing Knowledge
NLN identified 10 trends to watch for in nursing education
p. 20
Nursing is recognized as profession based on what criteria
-well defined body specific and unique knowledge
-strong service orientation
-recognized authority by a professional group (ANA)
-code of ethics
-professional organization that sets standards
-ongoing research
-autonomy and self-regulation
Florence Nightingale
defined nursing as both an art and science, differentiated nursing from medicine, created
freestanding nursing education, published books; founder of modern nursing
,Clara Barton
established red cross; volunteered to care for wounds and feed union soldiers during civil war;
served as supervisor of nurses for the army of James
Dorothea Dix
served as superintendent of the female nurses of the army during civil war; responsible for
recruiting and equipping a corps of army nurses
Mary Elizabeth Mahoney
America's first African American nurse
Harriet Tubman
a nurse and abolitionist; active in underground railroad movement before joining union army
during civil war
Margaret Sanger
founder of planned parenthood
Code for professional nurses
1950
ANA publishes its first standards of nursing practice
1973
ANA publishes the scope of nursing practice
1987
ANA publishes standards of clinical nursing practice
1991
Code of ethics with interpretive statements accepted by ANA; ANA publishes bill of rights for
registered nurses
2001
sources of knowledge
-traditional ( passed down from generation to generation)
-authoritative- comes from an expert, accepted as truth based on person's perceived expertise
-scientific (obtained through the scientific method-research)
, objective
you can see the object
subjective
coming from that subject
types of knowledge
-science (observing, identifying, describing, investigating, and explaining events and occurences
that are perceived in world)
-philosophy (the study of wisdom, fundamental knowledge, and the processes used to develop
and construct on perception on life)
-process (a series of actions, changes, or functions intended to bring about a desired result)
the goals of research
to develop explanations (in theories) and find solutions to problems
goals of nursing research
-improve care in clinical setting
-study ppl and nurse process: education, policy development, ethics, nursing history
-develop greater autonomy and strength as a profession
-provide evidence-based nursing practice
theory
group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality- can be tested, changed, or used to guide
research
concept
abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality- conceptual framework or model
process
a series of actions, changes, or functions intended to bring about a desired result
deductive reasoning
examines a general idea and then considers specific actions or ideas
inductive reasoning
one builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas
quantitative
History & Evolution (Florence Nightingale, Clara
Barton, Dorothea Dix), Nurse Practice Acts & Scope
of Practice, ANA Standards & Code of Ethics,
Nursing Process & Critical Thinking, Evidence-
Based Practice & PICO, Research Methods
(Quantitative, Qualitative, Hypothesis, Variables),
Theoretical Frameworks (General Systems,
Adaptation, Developmental), Professional Roles
(Advocate, Leader, Researcher), Vital Signs,
Autonomy & Self-Regulation, and Health as Holistic
Well-Being Exam Questions Verified and Complete
with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
origination of the word "nurse"
from the latin word "nutrix" meaning to nourish
Word War II on the development of nursing
large #s of women worked outside the home, became more assertive and independent, led to
increased emphasis on education, explosion in technology and medicine while broadening the
role of nurses (1950s)
who established the first training school for nurses and wrote books about healthcare and
nursing education?
Florence Nightingale
Interrelated roles of nurses
communicator, teacher, counselor, leader, researcher, advocate, collaborator
Theory of Animism
good spirits brought health and bad spirits brought sickness and disease; role of doctor was
medicine man and nurse is mom taking care of family
coping with disability and death
,nurses use optimal function of maximum strengths and potentials, refer to community support
systems; provide care to families and patients during end-of-life care, hospice
The Nursing Process
-one of major guidelines for nursing practice
-helps nurses implement their roles
-integrates art and science of nursing
-allows nurses to use critical thinking and clinical reasoning
-defines the areas of care that are within the domain of nursing
Nurse Practice Acts
-define legal scope of nursing practice
-create state board of nursing to make and enforce rules and regulation
-define important terms and activities in nursing, including legal requirements and titles for RNs
and LPNs
- established criteria for the education and licensure of nurses
5 vital signs
respirations, pulse rate, blood pressure, temperature, and pain
Nursing social policy statement of issues nurses address
p. 24 under subject heading Nursing Knowledge
NLN identified 10 trends to watch for in nursing education
p. 20
Nursing is recognized as profession based on what criteria
-well defined body specific and unique knowledge
-strong service orientation
-recognized authority by a professional group (ANA)
-code of ethics
-professional organization that sets standards
-ongoing research
-autonomy and self-regulation
Florence Nightingale
defined nursing as both an art and science, differentiated nursing from medicine, created
freestanding nursing education, published books; founder of modern nursing
,Clara Barton
established red cross; volunteered to care for wounds and feed union soldiers during civil war;
served as supervisor of nurses for the army of James
Dorothea Dix
served as superintendent of the female nurses of the army during civil war; responsible for
recruiting and equipping a corps of army nurses
Mary Elizabeth Mahoney
America's first African American nurse
Harriet Tubman
a nurse and abolitionist; active in underground railroad movement before joining union army
during civil war
Margaret Sanger
founder of planned parenthood
Code for professional nurses
1950
ANA publishes its first standards of nursing practice
1973
ANA publishes the scope of nursing practice
1987
ANA publishes standards of clinical nursing practice
1991
Code of ethics with interpretive statements accepted by ANA; ANA publishes bill of rights for
registered nurses
2001
sources of knowledge
-traditional ( passed down from generation to generation)
-authoritative- comes from an expert, accepted as truth based on person's perceived expertise
-scientific (obtained through the scientific method-research)
, objective
you can see the object
subjective
coming from that subject
types of knowledge
-science (observing, identifying, describing, investigating, and explaining events and occurences
that are perceived in world)
-philosophy (the study of wisdom, fundamental knowledge, and the processes used to develop
and construct on perception on life)
-process (a series of actions, changes, or functions intended to bring about a desired result)
the goals of research
to develop explanations (in theories) and find solutions to problems
goals of nursing research
-improve care in clinical setting
-study ppl and nurse process: education, policy development, ethics, nursing history
-develop greater autonomy and strength as a profession
-provide evidence-based nursing practice
theory
group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality- can be tested, changed, or used to guide
research
concept
abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality- conceptual framework or model
process
a series of actions, changes, or functions intended to bring about a desired result
deductive reasoning
examines a general idea and then considers specific actions or ideas
inductive reasoning
one builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas
quantitative
