PSYC 388- Final Exam 2026 Questions
and Answers Graded A+
List 5 factors that influenced the development of counselling in Canada since the
1960s. - Correct answer-- There was a shift to group therapy in the 60s
- In the 90s, there was a focus on counselling issues related to the whole person.
-Canadian guidance Counsellor's association was created in 1965.
-Counselling became a distinct profession in the 1980s.
-The first counselling section was formed by CPA in 1986. This was important
because it distinguished counselling from other psychological professions.
-In 1989, CPA established accreditation criteria for their doctoral program in
counselling.
E.G. Williamson - Correct answer-Created the first counselling theory in the 1930s.
Clifford Beers - Correct answer-He was hospitalized for mental illness. He
advocated for better treatment of patients and for better mental health facilities.
Frank Parsons - Correct answer-Founder of vocational guidance
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,Carl Rogers - Correct answer-Had a humanistic view; developed person-centered
therapy.
Albert Ellis - Correct answer-Developed rational emotive therapy. It's a type of
cognitive therapy that focuses on changing the client's irrational beliefs.
Eric Berne - Correct answer-Father of transactional analysis. Said there are 3 ego
states: the child, the adult, and the parent.
Aaron Beck - Correct answer-Pioneer in cognitive therapy. His method helps
patients identify automatic thoughts and reactions, and helps them develop more
beneficial reactions.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Correct answer-(level 1) Physiological Needs,
(level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4)
Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
Diff between Canada and US in counselling - Correct answer-Counselling in USA
grew out of professional psychology; in Canada grew out of educational
psychology.
1980s counselling also changed because of - Correct answer-attention to gender
issues and sexual preferences, feminist theory, renewed emphasis on moral
development, challenges of working with different ethnic and cultural groups.
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,Lawrence Kohlberg - Correct answer-moral development; presented boys moral
dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral
decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot
afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?
Wellness Mode --2000 - Correct answer-Wellness Mode --2000
Describe how the vocational guidance movement in public schools, and later in
Canadian colleges and universities, contributed to the growth of the profession of
counselling in Canada. - Correct answer-Counsellors and guidance counsellors
started to replace teachers in schools in areas of testing and counselling. School
boards begin hiring full-time counsellors as a result of the rising popularity of
Rogers' humanistic approach. Counselling became to be seen as a crucial part of
schools and should be its own profession.
An important difference between psychiatrists and other allied mental health
professionals is: - Correct answer-their ability to provide and monitor psychotropic
medication
Guidance deals with ___. counselling deals with ___ - Correct answer-choice;
change
Good qualities for effective counsellor (12) - Correct answer-Curiosity,
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, ability to listen,
empathy,
comfort with conversation,
emotional intelligence,
introspection,
capacity for self-denial,
comfort with power,
ability to laugh,
monitor own biases,
ask for clarification,
explore racial and cultural differences
Bad reasons for becoming a counsellor (6) - Correct answer-1. Emotional distress,
2. Vicarious coping,
3. loneliness,
4. Desire for Power,
5. Need for love,
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
and Answers Graded A+
List 5 factors that influenced the development of counselling in Canada since the
1960s. - Correct answer-- There was a shift to group therapy in the 60s
- In the 90s, there was a focus on counselling issues related to the whole person.
-Canadian guidance Counsellor's association was created in 1965.
-Counselling became a distinct profession in the 1980s.
-The first counselling section was formed by CPA in 1986. This was important
because it distinguished counselling from other psychological professions.
-In 1989, CPA established accreditation criteria for their doctoral program in
counselling.
E.G. Williamson - Correct answer-Created the first counselling theory in the 1930s.
Clifford Beers - Correct answer-He was hospitalized for mental illness. He
advocated for better treatment of patients and for better mental health facilities.
Frank Parsons - Correct answer-Founder of vocational guidance
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Carl Rogers - Correct answer-Had a humanistic view; developed person-centered
therapy.
Albert Ellis - Correct answer-Developed rational emotive therapy. It's a type of
cognitive therapy that focuses on changing the client's irrational beliefs.
Eric Berne - Correct answer-Father of transactional analysis. Said there are 3 ego
states: the child, the adult, and the parent.
Aaron Beck - Correct answer-Pioneer in cognitive therapy. His method helps
patients identify automatic thoughts and reactions, and helps them develop more
beneficial reactions.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Correct answer-(level 1) Physiological Needs,
(level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4)
Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
Diff between Canada and US in counselling - Correct answer-Counselling in USA
grew out of professional psychology; in Canada grew out of educational
psychology.
1980s counselling also changed because of - Correct answer-attention to gender
issues and sexual preferences, feminist theory, renewed emphasis on moral
development, challenges of working with different ethnic and cultural groups.
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,Lawrence Kohlberg - Correct answer-moral development; presented boys moral
dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral
decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot
afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?
Wellness Mode --2000 - Correct answer-Wellness Mode --2000
Describe how the vocational guidance movement in public schools, and later in
Canadian colleges and universities, contributed to the growth of the profession of
counselling in Canada. - Correct answer-Counsellors and guidance counsellors
started to replace teachers in schools in areas of testing and counselling. School
boards begin hiring full-time counsellors as a result of the rising popularity of
Rogers' humanistic approach. Counselling became to be seen as a crucial part of
schools and should be its own profession.
An important difference between psychiatrists and other allied mental health
professionals is: - Correct answer-their ability to provide and monitor psychotropic
medication
Guidance deals with ___. counselling deals with ___ - Correct answer-choice;
change
Good qualities for effective counsellor (12) - Correct answer-Curiosity,
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, ability to listen,
empathy,
comfort with conversation,
emotional intelligence,
introspection,
capacity for self-denial,
comfort with power,
ability to laugh,
monitor own biases,
ask for clarification,
explore racial and cultural differences
Bad reasons for becoming a counsellor (6) - Correct answer-1. Emotional distress,
2. Vicarious coping,
3. loneliness,
4. Desire for Power,
5. Need for love,
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
