Comprehensive Nephrology and Urology Exam Guide: Nephron Function, Glomerular Diseases, Urinary Casts, Kidney Stones, Incontinence Types, Hypertension Effects, Pediatric Renal Disorders, Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change, FSGS, MPGN,

Comprehensive Nephrology and Urology Exam Guide: Nephron Function, Glomerular Diseases, Urinary Casts, Kidney Stones, Incontinence Types, Hypertension Effects, Pediatric Renal Disorders, Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change, FSGS, MPGN, Membranous Glomerulonephritis, Post-Streptococcal, Azotemia, Uremia, Renal Pathophysiology, Crystal Morphology, Vasculitis, Drug-Induced Nephritis, Goldblatt Kidney, Wilms Tumor, Urinary Tract Valve Mechanisms, and High-Yield Clinical Correlations for Step 2 and USMLE Exams Questions Provided with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 which part of the nephron concentrates urine? medulla what is a goldblatt kidney? flea-bitten kidney (ruptured capillaries from high blood pressure) what is azotemia? increased BUN/Creatinine ratio (renal failure what is uremia? azotemia (renal failure) with symptoms What is Nephritic kidney disease? inflammation with protein loss 3.5g in urine; increased size of fenestrations, RBC casts, and hypertension what is nephrotic kidney disease? lost basement membrane charge, proteinuria 3.5g/day, hypercoaguable, lipiduria What is seen in RPGN (rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis)? crescents what is drug induced hypersensitivity? Eosinophils in urine What is (PSGN) Post-Strep Glomerulonephritis? most common in kids. Subepithelial humps (IgG/C3/C4 deposition) lumpy bumpy on EM and ASO antibodies What is MGM (Membranous-glomerulonephritis)? BM spikes, granular/linear subepithelial spikes and closes what is MPGN (membranous-proliferative glomerulonephritis)? tram tracks seen (type II has low C3) on LM what is MCD (minimal change disease)? most common nephrotic dz in kids, fused foot processes, no renal failure, loss of charge barrier What is FSGS (Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis)? mc in IVDA, African Americans, Hispanics, and HIV patients what are the vasculitis associated with low C3? "PMS in Salt Lake City" Post-Strep glomerulonephritis Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II Sub bacterial endocarditis Serum sickness Lupus Cryoglobulinemia what is the mcc of kidney stones? dehydration what is the mc type of kidney stones? calcium phosphate and calcium oxylate what type of kidney stones have coffin-lid crystals? Think of the shape of a toaster strudel triple phosphate (struvite) what type of kidney stones have rosette crystals? uric acid what type of kidney stones have hexagonal crystals? cysteine what type of kidney stones have envelope or dumbell-shaped crystals? oxalate what disease has aniridia (partial or complete absence of iris)? wilms tumor what disease has iridocyclitis? juvinile RA what is phimosis? foreskin scarred at penis head what is paraphimosis? foreskin scarred at penis base. Foreskin will strangulate the glans. What is urge incontinence? Urgency leads to complete voiding, detrusor spasticity → small bladder volume What is stress incontinence? Weak pelvic floor muscles, urinating when coughing, laughing, etc. Estrogen effect What is overflow incontinence? cannot completely empty bladder what structures have one way valves? Urethra, ejaculatory duct what structures have fake sphincters? Ureters, LES, Ileocecal valve what has WBC casts? nephritis what has WBC casts ONLY? pyelonephritis