Children in the pre-operational stage think _____ and use
what to represent objects? - ANSWER-symbolically, use
words or pictures
TS often occurs comorbidly with other psychiatric
conditions such as - ANSWER-ADHD, OCD, learning
difficulties, depression
four diagnostic criteria are required for TS including: -
ANSWER-he presence of multiple motor tics and one or
more vocal tics, which may not occur concurrently
tics may wax and wane in frequency but have persisted for
more than 1 year since the first tic onset
,tic onset is before 18 years of age
tics are not caused by the use of a substance or other
medical conditions
scaling for Tics - ANSWER-0= none
10= minimal
20=mild
30=moderate
40=marked
50=severe
caused by contraction of the diaphragm or oropharynx
muscles and include frequent throat clearing, sniffs, chirps,
barks, or grunting - ANSWER-simple vocal tics
,are of short duration and can include eye blinks, facial
grimaces, shoulder shrugs, or extension of the extremities.
- ANSWER-simple motor tics
include a combination of simple tics that last for a longer
duration. - ANSWER-complex motor tics
characterized by abrupt, sharp bark or grunt vocalization
of socially unacceptable words, including obscenities, or
ethnic, racial, or religious slurs. This type of tic is less
common. - ANSWER-Complex vocal ttics: coprolalia
, a less common complex motor tic that involves making
obscene gestures - ANSWER-Complex motor tics:
Copropraxia
complex vocal tic characterized by repeating the last
heard word or phrase - ANSWER-Complex vocal tics:
Echolalia
first-line intervention for TS - ANSWER-psychoeducation
medications for TS - ANSWER-pimozide and aripiprazole
Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is diagnosed in
clients younger than... - ANSWER-13