NUR2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 2026 PREMIUM REVIEW MATERIAL
COMPLETE ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy?
Answer: dribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary
retention, decreased stream
◉ What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting
ducts? Answer: ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone
◉ What is type 2 diabetes characterized as? Answer: peripheral tissue
insulin resistance
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease? Answer:
Exophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance,
anxiety- hyperthyroidism
◉ What processes occur during fasting? Answer: glucogenesis;
glycogenesis
◉ What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type
1 diabetes? Answer: adipose/ fat
,◉ What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? Answer:
myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? Answer:
Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle
pain
◉ What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism?
Answer: fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory
loss
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism?
Answer: numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis? Answer: fruity
breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting
◉ What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation? Answer:
negative feedback loop
◉ What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? Answer:
Growth Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid
stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins
, ◉ What is diabetes insipidus? Answer: a disorder caused by inadequate
amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss
◉ clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus Answer: polyuria,
nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia
◉ clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome? Answer: Excessive
secretion of cortisol causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo"
hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. -
Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen
develops stretch marks - •
ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor -
Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to
severe psychiatric disturbance -
Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels
◉ clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism Answer:
Weakness. -
Fatigue. -
Cold intolerance. -
Constipation. -
EXAM 1 2026 PREMIUM REVIEW MATERIAL
COMPLETE ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy?
Answer: dribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary
retention, decreased stream
◉ What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting
ducts? Answer: ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone
◉ What is type 2 diabetes characterized as? Answer: peripheral tissue
insulin resistance
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease? Answer:
Exophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance,
anxiety- hyperthyroidism
◉ What processes occur during fasting? Answer: glucogenesis;
glycogenesis
◉ What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type
1 diabetes? Answer: adipose/ fat
,◉ What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? Answer:
myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? Answer:
Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle
pain
◉ What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism?
Answer: fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory
loss
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism?
Answer: numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis? Answer: fruity
breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting
◉ What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation? Answer:
negative feedback loop
◉ What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? Answer:
Growth Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid
stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins
, ◉ What is diabetes insipidus? Answer: a disorder caused by inadequate
amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss
◉ clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus Answer: polyuria,
nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia
◉ clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome? Answer: Excessive
secretion of cortisol causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo"
hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. -
Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen
develops stretch marks - •
ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor -
Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to
severe psychiatric disturbance -
Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels
◉ clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism Answer:
Weakness. -
Fatigue. -
Cold intolerance. -
Constipation. -
