NUR2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 2026 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
FULL SOLUTIONS VERIFIED A+
◉ Absence of menstruation Answer: Amenorrhea
◉ Hormonal disturbances
Stress
Neoplasms (ovarian, adrenal, pituitary tumors) Answer: Amenorrhea
Causes
◉ Cardiovascular disease
Hypervolemia
Depression Answer: Complications of Dialysis
◉ Inflammation of the prostate.
Most common association is E. coli. Answer: Prostatitis
◉ Fever
Chills
Tender prostate
Low back pain
,Dysuria
Leukocytosis Answer: Prostatitis S/S
◉ Urine becomes supersaturated with specific solute that forms crystals.
Crystallization is enhanced when a person is dehydrated or has higher
than normal levels of solute in the urine from excessive secretion
(calcium, uric acid). Answer: Renal Calculus Cause
◉ Dull, localized flank pain Acute discomfort accompanied by nausea
and vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating), tachycardia, and tachypnea
(abnormal, rapid breathing) Renal colic (intermittent, sharp pain)
develops as the stone moves to the ureteropelvic junction Answer: Renal
Calculus S/S
◉ Urinary retention
Obstruction to flow
Decreased stream
Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream
Interruption of the stream
Infection caused by retention Answer: Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy S/S
◉ "salt-retaining hormone". Steroid that promotes the retention of Na+
by the kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes
a higher blood volume and pressur Answer: .Aldosterone
, ◉ Promotes retention of water by kidneys and increases blood pressure.
Answer: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
◉ Diabetes
Hypertension
Recurrent pyelonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Family history of CKD
Smoking
Age over 65 Ethnicity Answer: Chronic Renal Failure Risk Factors
◉ The outcome of the progressive and irrevocable loss of nephrons.
More than 75% of the total number of nephrons must be lost before
clinical manifestations appear. Answer: Chronic Renal Failure Causes
◉ Inflammation of the bladder lining, may result from bacterial, fungal,
or parasitic infections; chemical irritants; foreign bodies (e.g., stones); or
trauma. By far the most common is bacterial infection. Answer: .Cystitis
Causes
EXAM 1 2026 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
FULL SOLUTIONS VERIFIED A+
◉ Absence of menstruation Answer: Amenorrhea
◉ Hormonal disturbances
Stress
Neoplasms (ovarian, adrenal, pituitary tumors) Answer: Amenorrhea
Causes
◉ Cardiovascular disease
Hypervolemia
Depression Answer: Complications of Dialysis
◉ Inflammation of the prostate.
Most common association is E. coli. Answer: Prostatitis
◉ Fever
Chills
Tender prostate
Low back pain
,Dysuria
Leukocytosis Answer: Prostatitis S/S
◉ Urine becomes supersaturated with specific solute that forms crystals.
Crystallization is enhanced when a person is dehydrated or has higher
than normal levels of solute in the urine from excessive secretion
(calcium, uric acid). Answer: Renal Calculus Cause
◉ Dull, localized flank pain Acute discomfort accompanied by nausea
and vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating), tachycardia, and tachypnea
(abnormal, rapid breathing) Renal colic (intermittent, sharp pain)
develops as the stone moves to the ureteropelvic junction Answer: Renal
Calculus S/S
◉ Urinary retention
Obstruction to flow
Decreased stream
Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream
Interruption of the stream
Infection caused by retention Answer: Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy S/S
◉ "salt-retaining hormone". Steroid that promotes the retention of Na+
by the kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes
a higher blood volume and pressur Answer: .Aldosterone
, ◉ Promotes retention of water by kidneys and increases blood pressure.
Answer: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
◉ Diabetes
Hypertension
Recurrent pyelonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Family history of CKD
Smoking
Age over 65 Ethnicity Answer: Chronic Renal Failure Risk Factors
◉ The outcome of the progressive and irrevocable loss of nephrons.
More than 75% of the total number of nephrons must be lost before
clinical manifestations appear. Answer: Chronic Renal Failure Causes
◉ Inflammation of the bladder lining, may result from bacterial, fungal,
or parasitic infections; chemical irritants; foreign bodies (e.g., stones); or
trauma. By far the most common is bacterial infection. Answer: .Cystitis
Causes
