NSG 555 Quiz 2 UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
)
What is the definition of diabetes? A group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from
defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
What causes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)? Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells within the islets of Langerhans in the
pancreas, leading to insulinopenia and lifelong dependence on exogenous
insulin.
How does the onset of Type 1 DM differ in children and It is more rapid in infants and children and more gradual in adults.
adults?
What characterizes Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)? Insidious onset with progressive insulin resistance, often associated with
prediabetes and metabolic syndrome.
List some symptoms of Type 2 DM. Abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, low
HDL levels, hypertension, and a proinflammatory state.
What is the Ominous Octet in Type 2 DM? Eight mechanisms contributing to Type 2 diabetes, including increased glucagon
secretion, glucose reabsorption by the kidney, lipolysis, decreased incretin effect,
and neurotransmitter dysfunction.
What are the Triumvirate Three in Type 2 DM? Decreased glucose uptake (insulin resistance), increased hepatic glucose
production, and impaired insulin secretion.
What are acute symptoms of Type 1 DM? Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, blurred vision, and fatigue.
What are signs of ketoacidosis in Type 1 DM? Glycosuria, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid shallow breathing,
hypotension, and dehydration.
What initial symptoms may Type 2 DM patients Often none initially, but may later experience polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision,
experience? fatigue, slowly healing wounds, and frequent infections.
What is the diagnostic criterion for diabetes based on HbA1C ≥ 6.5%.
HbA1C?
What fasting plasma glucose level indicates diabetes? A fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL.
What does a C-peptide level indicate in diabetes Low C-peptide suggests Type 1 DM, while high levels suggest Type 2 DM.
diagnosis?
What are some markers of Type 1 diabetes? Islet cell autoantibodies, insulin autoantibodies, and GAD65 autoantibodies.
, What is the leading cause of serious long-term disability Stroke.
in the United States?
What factors contribute to the decline of stroke Control of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and high cholesterol.
mortality?
What percentage of strokes are ischemic strokes? The vast majority of strokes are ischemic.
What is carotid artery disease? Atherosclerotic narrowing of the extracranial arteries, most often at the
bifurcation of the carotid artery.
What are nonmodifiable risk factors for stroke? Age, gender, race, and ethnic background.
What are modifiable risk factors for stroke? High blood pressure, smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and
physical inactivity.
What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)? Acute neurologic dysfunction lasting less than 24 hours without acute infarction.
What symptoms may indicate symptomatic carotid Transient ischemic attack, ischemic stroke, or subtle neurologic deficits.
stenosis (CS)?
What is the relationship between diabetes and ischemic Diabetes is associated with a twofold to fivefold increase in ischemic stroke risk.
stroke risk?
What is the significance of the circle of Willis in carotid It can maintain adequate perfusion to the brain, potentially masking symptoms of
stenosis? severe carotid stenosis.
How does smoking affect stroke risk? Current smokers have a stroke risk that is two to four times higher than
nonsmokers.
What condition increases the risk of stroke due to Hyperhomocysteinemia
elevated levels?
What dietary intake has been associated with decreased Grain products enriched with folic acid
stroke rates?
How does physical inactivity relate to stroke risk? It is a modifiable risk factor; individuals exercising four or more times per week
have a lower risk.
What is the relationship between chronic kidney disease CKD is an independent risk factor for CVD.
(CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
What two factors are evaluated to assess kidney Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and presence of proteinuria.
function?
What should a physical examination for stroke risk A complete cardiovascular and neurologic examination.
include?
What is carotid auscultation for bruit used to indicate? It is a marker for generalized atherosclerosis.
Answers
)
What is the definition of diabetes? A group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from
defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
What causes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)? Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells within the islets of Langerhans in the
pancreas, leading to insulinopenia and lifelong dependence on exogenous
insulin.
How does the onset of Type 1 DM differ in children and It is more rapid in infants and children and more gradual in adults.
adults?
What characterizes Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)? Insidious onset with progressive insulin resistance, often associated with
prediabetes and metabolic syndrome.
List some symptoms of Type 2 DM. Abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, low
HDL levels, hypertension, and a proinflammatory state.
What is the Ominous Octet in Type 2 DM? Eight mechanisms contributing to Type 2 diabetes, including increased glucagon
secretion, glucose reabsorption by the kidney, lipolysis, decreased incretin effect,
and neurotransmitter dysfunction.
What are the Triumvirate Three in Type 2 DM? Decreased glucose uptake (insulin resistance), increased hepatic glucose
production, and impaired insulin secretion.
What are acute symptoms of Type 1 DM? Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, blurred vision, and fatigue.
What are signs of ketoacidosis in Type 1 DM? Glycosuria, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid shallow breathing,
hypotension, and dehydration.
What initial symptoms may Type 2 DM patients Often none initially, but may later experience polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision,
experience? fatigue, slowly healing wounds, and frequent infections.
What is the diagnostic criterion for diabetes based on HbA1C ≥ 6.5%.
HbA1C?
What fasting plasma glucose level indicates diabetes? A fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL.
What does a C-peptide level indicate in diabetes Low C-peptide suggests Type 1 DM, while high levels suggest Type 2 DM.
diagnosis?
What are some markers of Type 1 diabetes? Islet cell autoantibodies, insulin autoantibodies, and GAD65 autoantibodies.
, What is the leading cause of serious long-term disability Stroke.
in the United States?
What factors contribute to the decline of stroke Control of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and high cholesterol.
mortality?
What percentage of strokes are ischemic strokes? The vast majority of strokes are ischemic.
What is carotid artery disease? Atherosclerotic narrowing of the extracranial arteries, most often at the
bifurcation of the carotid artery.
What are nonmodifiable risk factors for stroke? Age, gender, race, and ethnic background.
What are modifiable risk factors for stroke? High blood pressure, smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and
physical inactivity.
What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)? Acute neurologic dysfunction lasting less than 24 hours without acute infarction.
What symptoms may indicate symptomatic carotid Transient ischemic attack, ischemic stroke, or subtle neurologic deficits.
stenosis (CS)?
What is the relationship between diabetes and ischemic Diabetes is associated with a twofold to fivefold increase in ischemic stroke risk.
stroke risk?
What is the significance of the circle of Willis in carotid It can maintain adequate perfusion to the brain, potentially masking symptoms of
stenosis? severe carotid stenosis.
How does smoking affect stroke risk? Current smokers have a stroke risk that is two to four times higher than
nonsmokers.
What condition increases the risk of stroke due to Hyperhomocysteinemia
elevated levels?
What dietary intake has been associated with decreased Grain products enriched with folic acid
stroke rates?
How does physical inactivity relate to stroke risk? It is a modifiable risk factor; individuals exercising four or more times per week
have a lower risk.
What is the relationship between chronic kidney disease CKD is an independent risk factor for CVD.
(CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
What two factors are evaluated to assess kidney Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and presence of proteinuria.
function?
What should a physical examination for stroke risk A complete cardiovascular and neurologic examination.
include?
What is carotid auscultation for bruit used to indicate? It is a marker for generalized atherosclerosis.
