TEST BANK FOR UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
7TH EDITION BY HUETHER
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
Huether: Understanding Pathophysiology, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A student is observing *a *cell *under *the *microscope. *It *is *observed *to *have *supercoiled
*DNA *with * histones. *Which *of *the * following *would *also *be *observed *by *the *student?
a. A *single *circular *chromosome
b. A *nucleus
c. Free-floating *nuclear *material
d. No *organelles
ANS: * B
The *cell *described *is *a *eukaryotic *cell, *so *it *has *histones *and *a *supercoiled *DNA *within
*its *nucleus; *thus, *the *nucleus *should *be *observed. *A *single *circular *chromosome *called *a
*prokaryote *contains * free-floating * nuclear * material * but *has * no *organelles.
2. A * nurse * is * instructing *the *staff *about *cellular * functions. * Which *cellular * function * is *the
*nurse *describing *when *an *isolated *cell *absorbs *oxygen *and *uses *it *to *transform *nutrients
*to *energy?
a. Metabolic *absorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: * D
The *cell’s *ability *to *absorb *oxygen * is *referred *to *as *respiration *while *its *communication *ability
N
*involves *maintenance *of *a *ste ad y *dynamic *state, *metabolic *absorption *provides *nutrition, *and
*secretion *allows * for *the *synthesizing *of * new *substances.
3. A *eukaryotic *cell *is *undergoing *DNA *replication. *In *which *region *of *the *cell *would
* most *of *the *genetic *information * be *contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus *cytoplasm
ANS: * C
The *region *of *the *cell *that *contains *genetic *material, *including *a *large *amount *of
*ribonucleic *acid, *most *of *the *DNA, *and *DNA-binding *proteins, *is *the *nucleolus, *which *is
*located *within *the *cell’s *nucleus. *Mitochondria * is *associated *with *cellular *respiration
*while *ribosomes *are * involved *with *protein * manufacturing. *Cytoplasm * is *a * fluid * filling
*that *is *a *component *of *the *cell.
4. Which *of *the * following *can *remove *proteins *attached *to *the *cell’s *bilayer *by *dissolving
*the *layer * itself?
a. Peripheral *membrane *proteins
b. Integral *membrane *proteins
c. Glycoproteins
d. Cell *adhesion *molecules
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ANS: * B
Proteins *directly *attached *to *the *membrane *bilayer *can *be *removed *by *the *action *of
*integral * membrane *proteins *that *dissolve *the * bilayer. *Peripheral * membrane *proteins *reside
*at *the *surface *while *cell *adhesion * molecules *are *on *the *outside *of *the * membrane.
*Glycoprotein * marks *cells *and *does *not *float.
5. Which *of *the * following *can * bind *to *plasma * membrane *receptors?
a. Oxygen
b. Ribosomes
c. Amphipathic * lipids
d. Ligands
ANS: * D
Ligands *are *the *only *specific *molecules *that *can *bind *with *receptors *on *the *cell * membrane.
6. A *nurse *is *reviewing *a *report *from *a *patient *with *metastatic *cancer. *What *alternation *in
the *extracellular * matrix *would *support *the *diagnosis *of * metastatic *cancer?
*
a. Decreased *fibronectin
b. Increased *collagen
c. Decreased *elastin
d. Increased *glycoproteins
ANS: * A
Only *a *reduced *amount *of *fibronectin *is *found *in *some *types *of *cancerous *cells, *allowing
*them *to *travel *or *metastasize.
7. Which *form *of *cell *communication * is *used *to *relate *to *other *cells * in *direct *physical *contact?
a. Cell * junction N
b. Gap *junction
c. Desmosome
d. Tight *junction
ANS: * A
Cell *junctions *hold *cells *together *and *permit *molecules *to *pass *from *cell *to *cell. *Gap *junctions
*allow * for *cellular *communication * between *cells. *Neither *desmosomes *nor *tight *junctions *are
*associated *with *cellular *communication.
8. Pancreatic *beta *cells *secrete *insulin, *which *inhibits *secretion *of *glucagon *from
*neighboring *alpha *cells. *This *action * is *an *example *of *which *of *the * following *signaling
*types?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurohormonal
d. Hormonal
ANS: * A
Paracrine *signaling *involves *the *release *of *local *chemical * mediators *that *are *quickly *taken
*up, *destroyed, *or *immobilized, *as * in *the *case *of *insulin *and *the * inhibition *of *the
*secretion *of *glucagon. *None *of *the *other *options * involve *signaling *that * is *associated *with
*a *local *chemical * mediator *like * insulin.
9. In *cellular *metabolism, *each *enzyme * has *a *high *affinity *for *a:
a. solute.
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b. substrate.
c. receptor.
d. ribosome.
ANS: * B
Each *enzyme *has *a *high *affinity *for *a *substrate, *a *specific *substance *converted *to *a
*product *of *the *reaction. *Cellular * metabolism * is *not *dependent *on *an *attraction *between
*an *enzyme *and *any *of *the *remaining *options.
10. An *athlete *runs *a * marathon, *after *which * his * muscles * feel * fatigued *and *unable *to *contract.
*The *athlete *asks *the *nurse *why *this *happened. *The *nurse’s *response *is *based *on *the
*knowledge *that *the *problem *is *result *of *a *deficiency *of:
a. GTP.
b. AMP.
c. ATP.
d. GMP.
ANS: * C
When *ATP *is *deficient, *impaired *muscle *contraction *results. *None *of *the *other *options *are
*involved * in * muscle *contraction.
11. Which *phase *of *catabolism *produces *the *most *ATP?
a. Digestion
b. Glycolysis
c. Oxidation
d. Citric *acid *cycle
ANS: * D N
While *some *ATP * is *produced *during *the *oxidation *and *glycolysis *phases, * most *of *the *ATP * is
generated *during *the *citric *acid *cycle. *Digestion * does *not *produce *any *ATP.
12. A *nurse *is *teaching *the *staff *about *the *phases *of *cellular *catabolism. * Which *phases *should
*the *nurse * include?
a. Digestion, *glycolysis, *oxidation, *and *the *citric *acid *cycle
b. Diffusion, *osmosis, *and *mediated *transport
c. S *phase, *G *phase, *and *M *phase
d. Metabolic *absorption, *respiration, *and *excretion
ANS: * A
Only *digestion, *glycolysis, *oxidation, *and *the *citric *acid *cycle *are *the *phases *of *cellular
*catabolism.
13. A *runner *has *depleted *all *the *oxygen *available *for *muscle *energy. *Which *of *the *following
*will *facilitate *his *continued *muscle *performance?
a. Electron-transport *chain
b. Aerobic *glycolysis
c. Anaerobic *glycolysis
d. Oxidative *phosphorylation
ANS: * C
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When *no *oxygen *is *available, *anaerobic *glycolysis *occurs. *The *electron-transport *chain *is
*part *of *the *citric *acid *cycle. * Aerobic *glycolysis * involves *the *presence *of *oxygen.
*Oxidative *phosphorylation * is *the * mechanism *by * which *the *energy *produced *from
*carbohydrates, *fats, *and *proteins * is *transferred *to *ATP. *It *is * not *part *of * muscle
*performance.
14. A *faculty *member *asks *a *student *to *identify *the *appropriate *term * for *the *movement *of *a
*solute *from *an *area *of *greater *to *lesser *concentration. *Which *answer * indicates *the
*nursing *student *understood *the *teaching?
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Hydrostatic *pressure
d. Active *transport
ANS: * B
Diffusion *is *the *movement *of *a *solute *molecule *from *an *area *of *greater *solute
*concentration *to *an *area *of * lesser *solute *concentration *through *a *permeable * membrane.
*Osmosis * is *the * movement *of *water *across *a *semipermeable * membrane * from *a *region *of
*higher *water *concentration *to *one *of * lower *concentration. *Hydrostatic *pressure * is *the
*force *of * fluid *against * a *cell * membrane. *In *active *transport, *molecules * move *up *a
*concentration *gradient.
15. Which *description *accurately *describes *electrolytes?
a. Small *lipid-soluble *molecules
b. Large *protein *molecules
c. Micronutrients *used *to *produce *ATP
d. Electrically *charged * molecules
ANS: * D
Electrolytes *are *electrically *chaNrged * molecules. *They *are *not *lipid *soluble, *they *are *not *made
up *of *protein, *and *they *do *not *play *a *role *in *ATP * production.
16. A *nurse *is *reading *a *chart *and *sees *the *term *oncotic *pressure. *The *nurse *recalls *that
*oncotic *pressure *(colloid *osmotic *pressure) * is *determined *by:
a. the *concentration *of *sodium.
b. plasma *proteins.
c. hydrostatic *pressure.
d. the *availability *of *membrane *transporter *proteins.
ANS: * B
Oncotic *pressure *is *determined *by *the *effect *of *colloids *or *plasma *proteins. *The
*concentration *of *sodium *plays *a *role *in *tonicity. *Hydrostatic *pressure *is *the *force *within *a
*vessel. *Membrane *transporter *proteins *are *involved * in *active *transport *within * a
*concentration *gradient.
17. A *patient *has *a *body *fluid *of *300 * mOsm/kg. *This * lab *result * is * measuring:
a. osmolality.
b. osmolarity.
c. osmotic *pressure.
d. oncotic *pressure.
ANS: * A
TESTBANK
7TH EDITION BY HUETHER
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
Huether: Understanding Pathophysiology, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A student is observing *a *cell *under *the *microscope. *It *is *observed *to *have *supercoiled
*DNA *with * histones. *Which *of *the * following *would *also *be *observed *by *the *student?
a. A *single *circular *chromosome
b. A *nucleus
c. Free-floating *nuclear *material
d. No *organelles
ANS: * B
The *cell *described *is *a *eukaryotic *cell, *so *it *has *histones *and *a *supercoiled *DNA *within
*its *nucleus; *thus, *the *nucleus *should *be *observed. *A *single *circular *chromosome *called *a
*prokaryote *contains * free-floating * nuclear * material * but *has * no *organelles.
2. A * nurse * is * instructing *the *staff *about *cellular * functions. * Which *cellular * function * is *the
*nurse *describing *when *an *isolated *cell *absorbs *oxygen *and *uses *it *to *transform *nutrients
*to *energy?
a. Metabolic *absorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: * D
The *cell’s *ability *to *absorb *oxygen * is *referred *to *as *respiration *while *its *communication *ability
N
*involves *maintenance *of *a *ste ad y *dynamic *state, *metabolic *absorption *provides *nutrition, *and
*secretion *allows * for *the *synthesizing *of * new *substances.
3. A *eukaryotic *cell *is *undergoing *DNA *replication. *In *which *region *of *the *cell *would
* most *of *the *genetic *information * be *contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus *cytoplasm
ANS: * C
The *region *of *the *cell *that *contains *genetic *material, *including *a *large *amount *of
*ribonucleic *acid, *most *of *the *DNA, *and *DNA-binding *proteins, *is *the *nucleolus, *which *is
*located *within *the *cell’s *nucleus. *Mitochondria * is *associated *with *cellular *respiration
*while *ribosomes *are * involved *with *protein * manufacturing. *Cytoplasm * is *a * fluid * filling
*that *is *a *component *of *the *cell.
4. Which *of *the * following *can *remove *proteins *attached *to *the *cell’s *bilayer *by *dissolving
*the *layer * itself?
a. Peripheral *membrane *proteins
b. Integral *membrane *proteins
c. Glycoproteins
d. Cell *adhesion *molecules
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ANS: * B
Proteins *directly *attached *to *the *membrane *bilayer *can *be *removed *by *the *action *of
*integral * membrane *proteins *that *dissolve *the * bilayer. *Peripheral * membrane *proteins *reside
*at *the *surface *while *cell *adhesion * molecules *are *on *the *outside *of *the * membrane.
*Glycoprotein * marks *cells *and *does *not *float.
5. Which *of *the * following *can * bind *to *plasma * membrane *receptors?
a. Oxygen
b. Ribosomes
c. Amphipathic * lipids
d. Ligands
ANS: * D
Ligands *are *the *only *specific *molecules *that *can *bind *with *receptors *on *the *cell * membrane.
6. A *nurse *is *reviewing *a *report *from *a *patient *with *metastatic *cancer. *What *alternation *in
the *extracellular * matrix *would *support *the *diagnosis *of * metastatic *cancer?
*
a. Decreased *fibronectin
b. Increased *collagen
c. Decreased *elastin
d. Increased *glycoproteins
ANS: * A
Only *a *reduced *amount *of *fibronectin *is *found *in *some *types *of *cancerous *cells, *allowing
*them *to *travel *or *metastasize.
7. Which *form *of *cell *communication * is *used *to *relate *to *other *cells * in *direct *physical *contact?
a. Cell * junction N
b. Gap *junction
c. Desmosome
d. Tight *junction
ANS: * A
Cell *junctions *hold *cells *together *and *permit *molecules *to *pass *from *cell *to *cell. *Gap *junctions
*allow * for *cellular *communication * between *cells. *Neither *desmosomes *nor *tight *junctions *are
*associated *with *cellular *communication.
8. Pancreatic *beta *cells *secrete *insulin, *which *inhibits *secretion *of *glucagon *from
*neighboring *alpha *cells. *This *action * is *an *example *of *which *of *the * following *signaling
*types?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurohormonal
d. Hormonal
ANS: * A
Paracrine *signaling *involves *the *release *of *local *chemical * mediators *that *are *quickly *taken
*up, *destroyed, *or *immobilized, *as * in *the *case *of *insulin *and *the * inhibition *of *the
*secretion *of *glucagon. *None *of *the *other *options * involve *signaling *that * is *associated *with
*a *local *chemical * mediator *like * insulin.
9. In *cellular *metabolism, *each *enzyme * has *a *high *affinity *for *a:
a. solute.
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b. substrate.
c. receptor.
d. ribosome.
ANS: * B
Each *enzyme *has *a *high *affinity *for *a *substrate, *a *specific *substance *converted *to *a
*product *of *the *reaction. *Cellular * metabolism * is *not *dependent *on *an *attraction *between
*an *enzyme *and *any *of *the *remaining *options.
10. An *athlete *runs *a * marathon, *after *which * his * muscles * feel * fatigued *and *unable *to *contract.
*The *athlete *asks *the *nurse *why *this *happened. *The *nurse’s *response *is *based *on *the
*knowledge *that *the *problem *is *result *of *a *deficiency *of:
a. GTP.
b. AMP.
c. ATP.
d. GMP.
ANS: * C
When *ATP *is *deficient, *impaired *muscle *contraction *results. *None *of *the *other *options *are
*involved * in * muscle *contraction.
11. Which *phase *of *catabolism *produces *the *most *ATP?
a. Digestion
b. Glycolysis
c. Oxidation
d. Citric *acid *cycle
ANS: * D N
While *some *ATP * is *produced *during *the *oxidation *and *glycolysis *phases, * most *of *the *ATP * is
generated *during *the *citric *acid *cycle. *Digestion * does *not *produce *any *ATP.
12. A *nurse *is *teaching *the *staff *about *the *phases *of *cellular *catabolism. * Which *phases *should
*the *nurse * include?
a. Digestion, *glycolysis, *oxidation, *and *the *citric *acid *cycle
b. Diffusion, *osmosis, *and *mediated *transport
c. S *phase, *G *phase, *and *M *phase
d. Metabolic *absorption, *respiration, *and *excretion
ANS: * A
Only *digestion, *glycolysis, *oxidation, *and *the *citric *acid *cycle *are *the *phases *of *cellular
*catabolism.
13. A *runner *has *depleted *all *the *oxygen *available *for *muscle *energy. *Which *of *the *following
*will *facilitate *his *continued *muscle *performance?
a. Electron-transport *chain
b. Aerobic *glycolysis
c. Anaerobic *glycolysis
d. Oxidative *phosphorylation
ANS: * C
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When *no *oxygen *is *available, *anaerobic *glycolysis *occurs. *The *electron-transport *chain *is
*part *of *the *citric *acid *cycle. * Aerobic *glycolysis * involves *the *presence *of *oxygen.
*Oxidative *phosphorylation * is *the * mechanism *by * which *the *energy *produced *from
*carbohydrates, *fats, *and *proteins * is *transferred *to *ATP. *It *is * not *part *of * muscle
*performance.
14. A *faculty *member *asks *a *student *to *identify *the *appropriate *term * for *the *movement *of *a
*solute *from *an *area *of *greater *to *lesser *concentration. *Which *answer * indicates *the
*nursing *student *understood *the *teaching?
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Hydrostatic *pressure
d. Active *transport
ANS: * B
Diffusion *is *the *movement *of *a *solute *molecule *from *an *area *of *greater *solute
*concentration *to *an *area *of * lesser *solute *concentration *through *a *permeable * membrane.
*Osmosis * is *the * movement *of *water *across *a *semipermeable * membrane * from *a *region *of
*higher *water *concentration *to *one *of * lower *concentration. *Hydrostatic *pressure * is *the
*force *of * fluid *against * a *cell * membrane. *In *active *transport, *molecules * move *up *a
*concentration *gradient.
15. Which *description *accurately *describes *electrolytes?
a. Small *lipid-soluble *molecules
b. Large *protein *molecules
c. Micronutrients *used *to *produce *ATP
d. Electrically *charged * molecules
ANS: * D
Electrolytes *are *electrically *chaNrged * molecules. *They *are *not *lipid *soluble, *they *are *not *made
up *of *protein, *and *they *do *not *play *a *role *in *ATP * production.
16. A *nurse *is *reading *a *chart *and *sees *the *term *oncotic *pressure. *The *nurse *recalls *that
*oncotic *pressure *(colloid *osmotic *pressure) * is *determined *by:
a. the *concentration *of *sodium.
b. plasma *proteins.
c. hydrostatic *pressure.
d. the *availability *of *membrane *transporter *proteins.
ANS: * B
Oncotic *pressure *is *determined *by *the *effect *of *colloids *or *plasma *proteins. *The
*concentration *of *sodium *plays *a *role *in *tonicity. *Hydrostatic *pressure *is *the *force *within *a
*vessel. *Membrane *transporter *proteins *are *involved * in *active *transport *within * a
*concentration *gradient.
17. A *patient *has *a *body *fluid *of *300 * mOsm/kg. *This * lab *result * is * measuring:
a. osmolality.
b. osmolarity.
c. osmotic *pressure.
d. oncotic *pressure.
ANS: * A
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