NBME CBSE REAL EXAM FULL STUDY GUIDE
WITH ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2026
● G1/S Checkpoint. Answer: Controlled by Rb protein
● G2/M Checkpoint. Answer: Controlled by p53 protein
● p53/p21. Answer: Tumor suppressors
● Cyclins/CDKs. Answer: Regulate progression of the cell cycle
● Rb phosphorylation. Answer: Promotes cell cycle progression
● Bioavailability (F). Answer: Fraction of drug reaching systemic
circulation
● Half-life (t½). Answer: t½ = 0.693 × Vd / CL
● Volume of Distribution (Vd). Answer: Increases for lipophilic drugs
,● Clearance (CL). Answer: CL = Rate of elimination / [Drug]
● Loading Dose (LD). Answer: LD = Cp × Vd / F
● Maintenance Dose (MD). Answer: MD = Cp × CL × τ / F
● Agonists. Answer: Bind and activate receptors
● Antagonists. Answer: Block receptors
● Competitive Antagonists. Answer: Cause a right shift in the dose-
response curve, same maximum effect
● Noncompetitive Antagonists. Answer: Decrease maximum effect of
the agonist
● Efficacy. Answer: Maximum response of a drug, higher is better
● Potency. Answer: Dose needed for a drug to achieve its effect, higher
means lower dose required
,● Michaelis-Menten Curve. Answer: Describes the rate of enzymatic
reactions
● Km. Answer: Concentration of substrate at half of Vmax
● Competitive Inhibitors. Answer: Increase Km, do not affect Vmax
● Noncompetitive Inhibitors. Answer: Decrease Vmax, do not affect
Km
● cAMP (Gs). Answer: Involved in signaling pathways for β1/2, H2,
D1, TSH, PTH, ACTH, FSH, LH
● IP3 (Gq). Answer: Involved in signaling pathways for α1, M1/3, H1,
GnRH, TRH
● Tyrosine Kinase (RTK). Answer: Signaling pathway for Insulin, IGF-
1, FGF
● JAK-STAT Pathway. Answer: Signaling pathway for GH, Prolactin,
EPO, G-CSF
● CD4⁺ T Cells. Answer: Subtypes include TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg,
each with specific functions in immune response.
, ● TH1. Answer: Activates macrophages through IL-12 leading to IFN-γ
production.
● TH2. Answer: Activates eosinophils and promotes IgE production via
IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
● TH17. Answer: Recruits neutrophils through IL-17.
● Treg. Answer: Suppresses immune responses using IL-10 and TGF-β.
● CD8⁺ T Cells. Answer: Responsible for cytotoxic killing via
perforin/granzymes or FasL.
● B Cell Activation. Answer: Requires CD40-CD40L interaction and
IL-4/IL-5 from CD4⁺ T cells.
● Class Switching. Answer: The process where B cells change the class
of antibody they produce, influenced by cytokines.
● IL-4. Answer: Promotes class switching to IgE and IgG.
● IL-5. Answer: Promotes class switching to IgA.
WITH ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2026
● G1/S Checkpoint. Answer: Controlled by Rb protein
● G2/M Checkpoint. Answer: Controlled by p53 protein
● p53/p21. Answer: Tumor suppressors
● Cyclins/CDKs. Answer: Regulate progression of the cell cycle
● Rb phosphorylation. Answer: Promotes cell cycle progression
● Bioavailability (F). Answer: Fraction of drug reaching systemic
circulation
● Half-life (t½). Answer: t½ = 0.693 × Vd / CL
● Volume of Distribution (Vd). Answer: Increases for lipophilic drugs
,● Clearance (CL). Answer: CL = Rate of elimination / [Drug]
● Loading Dose (LD). Answer: LD = Cp × Vd / F
● Maintenance Dose (MD). Answer: MD = Cp × CL × τ / F
● Agonists. Answer: Bind and activate receptors
● Antagonists. Answer: Block receptors
● Competitive Antagonists. Answer: Cause a right shift in the dose-
response curve, same maximum effect
● Noncompetitive Antagonists. Answer: Decrease maximum effect of
the agonist
● Efficacy. Answer: Maximum response of a drug, higher is better
● Potency. Answer: Dose needed for a drug to achieve its effect, higher
means lower dose required
,● Michaelis-Menten Curve. Answer: Describes the rate of enzymatic
reactions
● Km. Answer: Concentration of substrate at half of Vmax
● Competitive Inhibitors. Answer: Increase Km, do not affect Vmax
● Noncompetitive Inhibitors. Answer: Decrease Vmax, do not affect
Km
● cAMP (Gs). Answer: Involved in signaling pathways for β1/2, H2,
D1, TSH, PTH, ACTH, FSH, LH
● IP3 (Gq). Answer: Involved in signaling pathways for α1, M1/3, H1,
GnRH, TRH
● Tyrosine Kinase (RTK). Answer: Signaling pathway for Insulin, IGF-
1, FGF
● JAK-STAT Pathway. Answer: Signaling pathway for GH, Prolactin,
EPO, G-CSF
● CD4⁺ T Cells. Answer: Subtypes include TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg,
each with specific functions in immune response.
, ● TH1. Answer: Activates macrophages through IL-12 leading to IFN-γ
production.
● TH2. Answer: Activates eosinophils and promotes IgE production via
IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
● TH17. Answer: Recruits neutrophils through IL-17.
● Treg. Answer: Suppresses immune responses using IL-10 and TGF-β.
● CD8⁺ T Cells. Answer: Responsible for cytotoxic killing via
perforin/granzymes or FasL.
● B Cell Activation. Answer: Requires CD40-CD40L interaction and
IL-4/IL-5 from CD4⁺ T cells.
● Class Switching. Answer: The process where B cells change the class
of antibody they produce, influenced by cytokines.
● IL-4. Answer: Promotes class switching to IgE and IgG.
● IL-5. Answer: Promotes class switching to IgA.
